1. Deep soil turning
Yanshan chestnuts are mostly planted in mountainous areas, and soil and water conservation projects should be done first. ****** Use an excavator to dig a trench before planting, with a depth and width of more than 1 meter, to fully meet the needs of chestnut root growth and development. Efforts to achieve: "gentle slopes are terraced, steep slopes are pooled, ravines have dams, and trees have tree trays". Secondly, the hole should be deepened and expanded. Within 3 years after planting, the whole garden should be turned deeply, press the soil and green manure, improve the soil, and increase the soil organic matter; make the soil "deep, fertile and warm". Intertillage and weeding should also be carried out. The depth of intertillage is generally 10-30 cm, shallower near the trunk and deeper away from the trunk to avoid root damage.
2. Scientific fertilization
2.1 Misunderstandings of traditional fertilization
Many chestnut farmers don’t apply chemical fertilizers to chestnut trees at all. The reason is that chestnut fertilization does not increase yield significantly, which discourages fruit farmers’ enthusiasm for fertilizing.
2.1.1 The time of fertilizer application is wrong. The main chestnut production area in Yanshan is dry and less rainy in spring. In addition, most of the chestnut orchards do not have irrigation conditions. There is also technical misleading "chestnut fertilizer, apply ********* after rain", so the fertilization time can't keep up. The nutrient requirements of chestnut trees are the most demanding. The fertilizer supply and demand are inconsistent, and they are out of touch with each other, and the maximum benefits of fertilizers cannot be fully utilized.
2.1.2 Chestnut farmers who choose unreasonable fertilization of chemical fertilizers generally only apply nitrogen fertilizer, and often use urea or diammonium, etc., resulting in imbalance of nutrients in chestnut trees and excessive nutrient growth; ordinary chemical fertilizers generally have a validity period of 50 to 80 days, and chemical fertilizers are applied to the field. It quickly decomposes, and chestnut trees are not fully absorbed, so they are fixed by the soil, and most of them are wasted as the air evaporates and rain penetrates. It can only absorb about 15%. It is really the critical period when chestnut trees need fertilizer in autumn, and the supply of fertilizer is not available. It causes defertilization in the later stage, so the effect of partial application of fertilizer on the increase of production is not perfect.
2.2 The law of fertilizer requirement of Yanshan chestnut and the selection of fertilizer
(1) Yanshan chestnut orchards are mostly built in mountainous gneiss areas, and soil nutrients are expressed as: "nitrogen deficiency, phosphorus deficiency, and potassium deficiency", which should be supplemented in time.
(2) Chestnut is sensitive to trace elements "manganese, iron, boron", and it is easy to get disease when lacking.
(3) Most chestnut orchards in Yanshan cannot be irrigated, and fertilization is basically ineffective during drought.
(4) Mid-to-late April (germination) to late June (chestnut flower shedding) is the key period for Yanshan chestnut to form flowers and fruit. It is the period when chestnut requires the most fertilizer and requires 70% of the annual nutrients; mid-to-late July is for chestnut The period of rapid expansion of chestnuts is the peak period for potassium fertilizer; after the chestnuts are harvested in September, basal fertilizers should be applied in autumn to supplement nutrients.
Based on the above characteristics, the fertilization methods of Yanshan chestnut should be applied with high nitrogen in the early stage, high potassium compound fertilizer in the later stage, and base fertilizer in autumn. Chestnut is a chlorine-free crop, and potassium fertilizer should be sulfur-based. According to the fertilizer requirement of chestnut, the most suitable "potassium sulfate type slow and controlled release compound fertilizer" for chestnut is selected. The compound fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as the sensitive trace elements of chestnut, manganese, iron, boron and the like. Slow and controlled release fertilizer is a breakthrough in chemical fertilizer production. The effective period of the fertilizer has been increased from 50 to 80 days for ordinary fertilizers to more than 150 days, and the fertilizer utilization rate has increased from 25% of ordinary fertilizers to 45% to 50%. Potassium sulfate type slow and controlled-release compound fertilizer has a coating outside, which does not immediately melt when applied to the ground. As the temperature rises and soil moisture increases, the nutrient demand of the tree increases, and the nutrient is gradually released, which is consistent with the period when chestnut trees require fertilizer, and is released in the early stage There are more nitrogen fertilizers, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are released in the later stage, which can satisfy the chestnut tree's entire growth period without losing fertilizer.
2.3 Chestnut fertilization method
2.3.1 Fertilization period Grasp the return period from early March to early April in the spring when the night freezes and disappear, and when the moisture content is good, timely fertilize the chestnut. Fertilization in the return period, good moisture content can decompose a part of the chemical fertilizer to meet the needs of the germination period. There will be a "planting rain" in the normal year around May 1st, which can meet the most demanding nutrient requirements of chestnut trees. Later, the nutrients will be released slowly, which can provide for the needs of the chestnut tree throughout its growth period. Applying slow and controlled release compound fertilizers as required can increase the yield of chestnuts by 50% to 100%. After harvesting chestnuts in autumn, apply more organic fertilizers.
2.3.2 The amount of fertilization is based on the predicted output of chestnuts. For chestnut orchards with poor soil quality such as hillsides and surrounding mountains, the yield of chestnuts is 3 to 5 kg, and 1 kg of potassium sulfate-type slow and controlled-release compound fertilizer is applied. The soil is deep and more fertile. The chestnut orchard produces 7-10 kilograms of chestnuts and is applied with 1 kilogram of slow-control compound fertilizer.
2.3.3 Fertilization method When fertilizing, two people work in a group. Around the drip line around the canopy, one person uses a sharp shovel to dig a 20 cm deep hole, uses the shovel to lift the soil, and the other sprinkles the fertilizer, and then puts the soil back. Dig 1 pit per square meter, and apply 100-150 grams of fertilizer per pit.
3. Weeding in the chestnut garden
Yanshan chestnut gardens mostly grow in mountainous areas, with poor soil quality and low nutrient content. There should be no grass and waste throughout the year, to avoid weeds competing for fertilizer and water, and to create a good environment for the growth of chestnut trees. The effect of manual weeding is the best, but manual weeding takes a lot of labor, time and investment, and it is difficult to achieve no weeds all year round. Large areas of chestnut gardens can be chemically weeded three times a year.
3.1 Period and method of weeding
The first time was in early June. In the normal year of the Yanshan area, there was a "farming rain" around May 1st. After the rain, a batch of weeds were unearthed in spring. They grew to June 1st, with no more than 5 leaves, and the roots were still small and very easy to remove. Use paraquat to close the corn field. The weeds that came out were removed, and the weeds that did not come out were enclosed. The effect is very good, which can effectively prevent the vigorous growth of weeds in summer and avoid serious weeds.
The second time was from late July to early August, using paraquat plus 2,4-D butyl ester to remove summer weeds. After removal, the ground was kept clean to facilitate the harvest of chestnuts.
The third time was in early October. Before winter, remove the overwintering weeds such as wormwood and bitter weeds, and use paraquat with an effective content of more than 20% (mass fraction, the same hereinafter) plus 2,4-D butyl ester. Weeds stained with herbicides cannot return nutrients before winter, accumulate insufficient nutrients, fail to survive the winter normally, and freeze their roots to death. It is a combination of chemical weeding and phenological weeding, which reduces the number of weeds in the following spring.
After three chemical weeding operations throughout the year, labor, medicine, and labor can be saved, and no weeds can be achieved throughout the year. After three consecutive years of such management, there are basically no weeds, and the harm of weeds can be effectively controlled.
3.2 Methods of removing the roots of Jingke and Shanzao
Chestnut orchards are mostly planted in mountainous areas. It is difficult to remove the roots of Jingke and Shanzao, and it is easy to regenerate after removal. Jingke and mountain jujube are small woody shrubs. There is no need to dig the roots of Jingke and mountain jujube. One is that weeds are not completely eradicated, and the other is that it causes soil erosion. If you want to eradicate it at once, you can choose glyphosate plus 2,4-D butyl ester.
(1) Time: Around the beginning of autumn (August 5) is the nutrient reflux period of Jingke and Shanzao, which can be completely eradicated with one medication, and there will never be future troubles.
(2) Method: â‘ Use a sprayer of water (15 kg), add 1 kg of 10% glyphosate water, then add 2,4-D butyl ester 3 caps (10 ml), add a handful of detergent (from the dip Play a role). â‘¡Use 2 bags of 77% powder glyphosate, add 15 kg of water, and add 3 caps (10 ml) of 2,4-D butyl ester. Pay attention to the weather forecast when spraying, ensure that there is no rain within 8 hours of spraying, and avoid the dew time. And spray the medicine on the front and back sides of all the leaves of Jingke and Shanzao. In this way, it can be completely eradicated with one medication.
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