Deep mechanical fertilizer application technology is a practical technique that uses deep implements, and applies varieties, quantities, fertilizing sites and depths according to agronomic requirements to the soil in a timely and uniform manner. Deep mechanical fertilizer application should be organically combined with soil testing and fertilizer application techniques, micro fertilizer application technology, organic fertilizer application, and crop pattern cultivation techniques, so as to provide comprehensive benefits. At present, it is mainly used in the land ploughing, sowing and cultivating management of crop cultivation.
I. Technical points of deep chemical fertilizer application
(A) Deep-land fertilizer applied to dryland crops
1, base fertilizer
Should be combined with soil ploughing operations. At present, there are two methods. One is to fertilize the soil first, and the other is to apply the chemical fertilizer to the furrow while plowing.
(1) The method of deep plowing followed by plowing should minimize the time for exposing chemical fertilizers to the ground surface, especially for fertilizers such as ammonium bicarbonate that are volatile in the air. Into the soil, this fertilization method can be installed in the plow before the manure device, you can also use a dedicated manure spreader, fertilizer bandwidth is basically the same with the ploughing range behind.
The operation of ploughing after spreading fertilizer first requires that the chemical fertilizer be applied evenly and the application amount be in line with the agronomic requirements of crop cultivation. After culturing, the chemical fertilizer is buried in the soil to a depth of more than 6cm, and there is no visible particles on the surface.
(2) Edge ploughing and fertilizing can basically achieve the synchronization of ploughing and fertilization to avoid volatilization losses caused by chemical fertilizers in the open air. Generally, the existing ploughing ploughs can be reconstructed, and the row fertilizer devices can be added. Installed behind the ploughshare, the ploughshare is used to apply the chemical fertilizer to the surface of the rake or to the bottom of the furrow (according to local agronomic requirements for the depth of the base fertilizer). Then the ploughshare is turned over and covered to achieve deep fertilization. Many localities call it this method. Fertilize the furrows.
The requirements for applying basic fertilizers while ploughing are: the depth of fertilization is greater than 6cm, the width of fertilizer zone is 3~5cm, row fertilizer is even and continuous, and there is no obvious broken bar. The amount of fertilizer meets the agronomic requirements for crop cultivation.
2. Fertilizer deep application
The seed fertilizer must be applied deep at the same time as the seeding, which can be accomplished by installing the fertilizer tank and the row fertilizer device on the seeder. The requirements for implements are not only able to strictly assure agronomic, seeding, seeding, depth, spacing, row spacing, etc., but also can form a soil isolation layer with a certain thickness (generally above 3cm) between seed and fertilizer. To meet the needs of nutrients in the seedling growth of the crop, and to avoid the phenomenon of burning seed and burning seedlings in the mixing of fertilizers. The application of this technology requires a high requirement for field soil treatment, and should ensure the consistent cultivation of the soil and no leakage of crops. To the level of soil, flat soil, the actual situation of the soil.
According to the position of fertilization and seed, there are two forms of lateral deep and positive deepening (commonly known as fertilizer, species stratification). The technical requirements are as follows:
(1) Lateral deep seed fertilizer: The fertilizer is applied to the side of the seed. The wheat seed fertilizer is generally 2.5~4cm on the side and the bottom of the seed. The depth of the corn seed fertilizer is generally 5.5cm, and the width of the fertilizer tape is more than 3cm. The strips were even and continuous, with no obvious broken strips and missing taps.
(2) Fertilizer applied in the right position: The seed fertilizer is applied directly below the seed bed, the soil isolation layer between the fertilizer layer and the seed is more than 3cm, and the seed and fertilizer are required to be the same, the strips are even and continuous, and the width of the fertilizer strip is slightly larger than Width of sowing.
When sowing fertilizer is applied as a seed fertilizer in succession to the soil, it is necessary to determine the distance between the seed and the fertilizer according to the type of fertilizer and the application amount, so as to prevent the seed and the fertilizer from causing the seedlings to burn.
3, top dressing
According to the requirements of agronomic fertilizer, the amount, depth, and location of top-dressing fertilizers use top-dressing work tools, and one machine completes top-dressing operations such as ditching, row fertilizer, earth covering, and repression, as opposed to artificial surface application and hand tools. Can significantly increase the utilization of fertilizer and operating efficiency, top dressing equipment must have good inter-pass performance, no obvious adverse effects on the growth of crops later (such as wounding, injury and lodging, etc.). The top dressing depth (based on the intersection of the crop plants with the ground) should be 6~10cm. Topdressing sites should be between 10~20cm on both sides of the crop line, and the width of the fertilizer zone should be greater than 3cm. There should be no obvious broken bar, and the coverage should be tight after fertilization.
(b) Fertilizer application in paddy fields
(1) Deep application of paddy fertilizer
In combination with the mechanical work of cultivating fields in paddy fields, a fertilizer box and a row fertilizer device are installed on the tillage equipment. While cultivating and arranging the paddy field, the fertilizer is applied to the furrows in the front road, whereupon the earthworms are buried deep in the soil. After the soil preparation operation, the chemical fertilizers are evenly mixed in the soil to achieve deep fertilization purposes. Demand fertilization depth of 6 ~ 10cm, the same depth, uniform row of fertilizer, no significant broken phenomenon, the amount of fertilizer to meet local agronomic requirements. In areas where hydroponic operations are carried out, the amount of field water (1 to 2 cm depth) must be strictly controlled prior to tillage and fertilization so that it does not affect tillage operations and guarantees the quality of deep fertilization.
(2) Dressing in paddy fields
The use of machinery is relatively difficult. At present, the use of human instruments is generally used to apply granular fertilizers or acupuncture points to the roots of plants.
二ã€Specifications for the operation of fertilizers
(I) Fertilizer Deep Application Performance Requirements
Deep implements should be suitable for the fertilization depth (≥6cm) of suitable local agronomic requirements for the cultivation of several major crops, with a device that can regulate the amount of fertilizer applied. The row fertilizer device is highly reliable, and there should be no breakage during operation. Width variation ≤ 1cm, single-season work piece or fault repair no more than 1 time/piece (piece, group).
(B) Deep Fertilizer Operation Should Meet the Following Requirements
(1) The rate of broken row of fertilizers is less than 3%.
(2) The evenness of the strip: 20%~30% of ammonium bicarbonate, 20%~25% of urea and other particulate fertilizers. Among them, the coefficient of variation of homogeneity of deep applied fertilizer was ≤ 60%; the coefficient of variation of homogeneity of deep sowing fertilizer was ≤ 40%; and the coefficient of variation of uniformity of fertilized deep tillage was ≤ 40%.
(3) The coefficient of variation of the consistency of the displacement should be ≤13%.
(4) The soil coverage rate of chemical fertilizers should reach 100%, and the seed fertilizer and top dressing operations should be ensured to be compacted and compacted.
(5) The accuracy rate of fertilizer application is ≥70%.
(6) The cultivator deep recovery fertilizer application <3%.
(7) The reliability coefficient of various machines should be ≥ 90%.
(III) Specifications for Fertilizer Deep Appearances
1. Operators need to undergo special technical training before performing mechanical deep-fertilizer operations to familiarize with the operating points of the deep-fertilizer application and to master the operation and use techniques of the implements. It enables the operator to understand the performance of deep-applied equipment and can adjust the equipment and eliminate the common faults in the equipment operation as required. Generally, each medium and large-sized machine tool is equipped with 2 to 3 operating machines, and it is relatively stable.
2. Before the operation is carried out in depth, check the technical condition of the machine tool, and check whether the fastening components of the fertilizing machine or device are tight, whether the lubrication condition is good and whether the rotating part is flexible.
3, adjust the amount of fertilizer, depth and width, so that the machine to meet agronomic requirements. When adjusting, the amount of chemical fertilizer in the fertilizer tank should occupy more than 1/4 of the volume, and the fertilizer implement or device should be erected in a horizontal state, and then the ground wheel should be rotated according to the actual operation speed, and the number of revolutions thereof is equal to the travel length of 50m. According to the conversion, fertilizers are collected and weighed at the same time in each row of fertilizer outlets, and the fertilizer amount per unit area is calculated according to the following formula.
10q
πDnam(1+δ)
In the formula Q—fertilizing amount (kg/hm2);
q - the average number of total fertilizers per row (g);
D——diameter of the ground wheel (m);
n - the number of rotations of the ground wheel;
a - average line spacing (m);
m - the number of fertilizers;
δ - slip coefficient.
After confirming the amount of fertilizer, implements are put into the ground to conduct actual operation tests. When the implement's inboard stroke is stable, the width and number of observation points are selected according to the situation. The measurement bandwidth and the shortest distance between the chemical fertilizer and the surface and seeds (plants) in the cross section are determined. If multiple tests meet the requirements, normal fertilization operations can be performed.
4. The rationale for applying chemical fertilizers in the operation should follow the following basic principles:
1 Select the appropriate chemical fertilizer varieties to select fertilizer varieties according to the soil conditions and the required characteristics of the crop, determine a reasonable fertilization process (such as the proportion of base fertilizer and top dressing, the frequency of topdressing, and the amount of topdressing each time) to give full play to the fertilizer effect (such as nitrate Nitrogen fertilizers should be avoided in paddy fields to prevent the loss of nitrogen due to nitrification and denitrification).
2 Chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers are applied in conjunction with chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers to use complementary effects to meet the needs of crops for nutrients in different periods. Through the application of organic fertilizers to avoid the adverse effects of single application of chemical fertilizers on soil physical and chemical properties, improve soil fertility, fertilizer supply capacity. There are two methods for the application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers. One is based on organic fertilizers and the other is chemical fertilizers for top dressing or seed fertilizer application. The other method is direct application of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers. It should be noted that chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers are not arbitrarily mixed. Some of them can increase fertilizer efficiency. On the other hand, they can reduce fertilizer effects, such as the mixing of nitrate nitrogen (such as ammonium nitrate) and uncomminuted compost, manure, or fresh straw. Alas, under dejecta conditions, due to denitrification, it is easy to cause nitrate nitrogen to run off and lose nutrients.
3 According to the amount of fertilization and the appropriate proportion of various nutrient elements do a good job of fertilization Fertilization is not only to obtain higher yields, but also have higher economic benefits, for this purpose according to soil conditions, crop types, fertilizer varieties and fertilization methods Specific conditions such as determining the amount of fertilizer and the appropriate proportion of various nutrients. The high yield and stable production of crops require the coordinated supply of various nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and the application of a single chemical fertilizer often fails to meet the needs of crop growth and development. According to the current distribution of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in China, the north should pay attention to the combined application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, and in the south, it is necessary to use a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.
In addition, according to the agronomic requirements and characteristics of chemical fertilizers, determine the application season of fertilizers, fertilization sites (such as lateral deep application, orthostatic deep application), fertilization methods (such as concentrated application, outside the top dressing), etc., in order to increase fertilizer utilization Create conditions.
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