Li Zhensheng, born in 1931, a geneticist, was once the vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The buckwheat grasses' drought-tolerant, dry-heat-resisting wind and excellent genes resistant to a variety of wheat diseases were transferred to wheat. The Xiaolong 6 reached an area of ​​54 million mu in 1988 and increased production of 1.6 billion kg of wheat.
News depth: What is the difference between the breeding process of “Shijiazhuang No. 8†and the breeding of fine varieties in the past?
Li Zhensheng: "Shijiazhuang No. 8" has two key links in the breeding and breeding of high-yielding and water-saving technologies: The first is the parental selection, which includes parents with genes with different traits such as drought resistance, high yield, and wide adaptability. , creating a rich genetic background; the second is based on the selection of methods, based on the characteristics of the local ecological conditions, based on summarizing the experience of breeding varieties of high-yield and water-saving varieties, puts forward “under high-fertilizer conditions, according to soil moisture key Irrigation (to meet the needs of water) number of panicles, late drought stress selection of panicles, combined with different alternatives in different ecological conditions under different soil conditions alternately oriented selection of water-saving high-yield varieties of breeding methods, there are obvious innovations in methods.
News depth: In the past, what methods did we usually adopt to save water in agricultural production, especially in wheat?
Li Zhensheng: Agricultural water is the largest consumer of water resources in China. In terms of saving water for agriculture, it often starts from different perspectives.
First, the process of water conservation, which is everyone is familiar with the flood irrigation into flood irrigation, pipe irrigation and drip irrigation and other measures. Another way to save water is to save water by using agronomic techniques. In simple terms, it is to use scientific cultivation techniques to rationally use water to save water. For example, let the farmers know when they should water the plant, when they should not water the plant, and avoid areas where irrigation conditions waste the precious water resources because they blindly believe that more irrigation is more productive. Many farmers are still not enough due to lack of publicity. It is important to note that flooding can often be seen in many fields.
The last method, namely, water saving by biotechnology, is one of the most economical and effective water saving measures. The selection of excellent crop varieties with water-saving and drought-resistant genes promotes planting. For example, “Shijiazhuang No. 8†water-saving wheat belongs to this kind.
News in-depth: The successful breeding of “Shijiazhuang No. 8†has provided a new way for China to realize water saving in agriculture, especially wheat, and how to treat the water-saving and high-yield characteristics of Shijiazhuang No. 8?
Li Zhensheng: “Shijiazhuang No. 8†has been proved to be water-saving and high-yield with a maximum yield of 648.2 kg per mu after many years of trials and demonstrations and large-scale production applications. The drought-prone and semi-arid land shows high yields. In different irrigation treatments, water consumption is low, and water use is low. The rate is high. The method for breeding high-yield and water-saving varieties proposed by this project of Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural Sciences has important reference value for the breeding of high-yielding water-saving wheat varieties in China. The high-yield water-saving variety “Shijiazhuang No. 8†has achieved high yields. The high degree of water-saving combination has achieved the goal of “one-hundred-and-a-half-thousand-pound†and the project research has reached the current international advanced level.
Every year, China loses 0.7 to 80 million tons of grain due to drought, which is equivalent to 1/6 of the total annual output. The development of water-saving and high-efficiency agriculture is the only way to realize the strategy of sustainable utilization of water resources in China. Breeding high-yielding water-saving wheat varieties is of great significance for the development of high-efficiency and water-saving agriculture and safeguarding China's water resources security. From this perspective, the success of the "Shijiazhuang No. 8" breeding success is extraordinary. In terms of water saving in agriculture, "Shijiazhuang No. 8" will have much merit.
Water-saving wheat: "Aquaculture production
There is a kind of wheat, which does not pour. The average yield per mu can reach 400 kg or more, and it can be poured into water. The average yield per mu can reach 500 kg.
In Shijiazhuang, if we promote 5 million mu of this type of wheat, even if we only use “one water†per acre, the groundwater saved will be enough for the entire population of Shijiazhuang city to use water for two years.
Perhaps few people know that China's largest consumer of water resources is agriculture. Agricultural water accounts for about 70% of China's total water use, and wheat is the largest "big family" in agricultural water use.
Finding water-saving wheat varieties with high productivity and high yield is a tireless pursuit of agricultural scientists in China. Nowadays, the advent of this wheat has brought the best results to them.
This kind of wheat is "Shijiazhuang No. 8".
Drought, drought, or drought!
In the spring of 2006, our province suffered a major drought in 55 years.
The reporter learned from the Provincial Department of Water Resources that since November of last year, most areas in our province have no effective rainfall, which is the least precipitation year since the historic data in 1951 in our province.
Due to the drought, the area of ​​winter wheat in the province has reached 10.3 million mu. In early April, it was the crucial period for the jointing of wheat. The eyes of the wheat couldn't afford the spirit because of lack of water. Which crops were not in a hurry. But Dingwang Village, Nanlou Township, Zhengding County is an exception. When the villagers of the surrounding villages lined the fields day and night, they were as busy as usual to do something else, ignoring the drought at the moment, even though they still poured water once last autumn.
"The wheat in our village is not afraid of drought. The reason is very simple, because we planted 'Shijiazhuang No. 8'." On April 16th, beside the wheat field in the village, Yu Shuping looked at wheat fields and told us. Yu Shuping was the first person in the village to plant Shijiazhuang No.8. Under his guidance, 70% of the village’s land was planted with this species. “Although we do not have enough water, the output is not low. This is not. It is still early to get cooked from wheat. There are people from outside the village to inquire about the seeds.†Yu Shuping laughed happily. In front of him, "Shijiazhuang No. 8" is stretching green leaves and growing vigorously.
Look for the most thirsty "Maize species"
The drought has just sounded alarms and the urgently needed water for drought has once again turned red.
As of the end of February, 18 large reservoirs in our province had accumulated 2.6 billion cubic meters of water, a decrease of 53 million cubic meters from the same period of last year. 18 large reservoirs are expected to receive 642 million cubic meters of water in the spring, a decrease of 283 million cubic meters from the same period of the year. Even after various comprehensive water-saving measures are adopted by cities across the province, over-exploitation of groundwater is still required to maintain domestic water use and industrial production for urban residents.
What is even more worrying is not just these. Due to drought, the groundwater level in the province continues to decline. By the end of December last year, the shallow groundwater level in the plain area of ​​the province fell by an average of 0.59 meters compared with the same period of last year. The decline rate of Handan City and Shijiazhuang City was more than 1.0 meter, and that of Hengshui City was down more than 4 meters. The center of Fuzaoheng Funnel had dropped by 6.25. Meter.
In China, the shortage of water is more likely than Hebei. China's per capita water resources are less than one-fourth of the world's per capita possession, and it is one of the poorest countries in terms of per capita water resources. Since 1990, the average annual area of ​​arable land affected by drought has accounted for one-fourth of the country's total arable land. The shortage of water resources has directly threatened the country’s economic and food security.
On the one hand, water resources are extremely scarce. On one hand, it is excessive and extensive use of water resources and waste.
According to statistics of the Ministry of Water Resources in 2003, China’s GDP per 10,000 yuan is 465 cubic meters, which is four times the world average, and water efficiency is very low. Some experts have stated that if this situation cannot be effectively improved, China may need to import fresh water from the surrounding rich countries after a few years. If water is expensive, it will no longer just be a joke.
Talking about water conservation, people who live in cities often think of taps and water-saving toilets. Few people understand that the biggest consumer of water resources is agriculture. Agricultural water accounts for about 70% of all water resources in China. Wheat is also the largest "big family" in agricultural water use.
Our province is the third largest producer of wheat in the country. Although grain production has been rising year after year, the groundwater level required for grain production has plummeted. Since the 1980s, the cumulative amount of groundwater in our province has exceeded 30 billion cubic meters, which is far more alarming than the increase in grain production. It can be said that the increase in grain yield in the past was at the expense of the excessive use of groundwater resources, which was already beyond the environmental load.
Agricultural water conservation, especially wheat water conservation, has gradually attracted people's attention. In most wheat districts, wheat is usually watered 4-5 times from sowing to harvest. Calculated on an acre of land, 50 cubic meters of groundwater is used for each watering. If it can be watered for 4 or 5 times, In the next save, according to the calculation of the province's 15 million acres of well-watering wheat fields, one year will be able to save 750 million cubic meters of groundwater. This is equivalent to the current water storage capacity of the three Gangnan Reservoirs. Can we find more water-saving wheat varieties, so that we can do less or even not water it?
For decades, agricultural scientists have been trying to find the most thirsty seeds.
Since 1991, the current chief scientist of wheat breeding in our province, Guo Jinkao, dean of the Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, led the wheat research group to begin this difficult scientific exploration. As with the selection of any new crop variety, the process of finding water-saving wheat is far from smooth. Every year, they deploy 700-800 combinations almost at the test site, so that they can find all of them in the cross of many excellent varieties. The "target audience" that he hopes for, but the results are often not satisfactory. Seven or eight hundred parental combinations are often selected to the last one and even one combination is not used. This makes the researchers who rushed in the experimental field all day long can not help but feel disheartened. After spending so much manpower and material resources, does the water-saving wheat that people are looking for really appear?
"Anhydrous production of aquatic products jinjin"
In the process of summing up the failure experience, Guo Jinchao led the wheat research team to find that it was impossible to find the most water-saving characteristics in a targeted manner because the morphological characteristics of drought- and water-saving materials could not be grasped and identified during the breeding process. Some species that may have water-saving characteristics are missed.
In response to this problem, they began a new round of trials and explorations. Guo Jincao led the scientific research personnel to select and breed good varieties with high yield in the high-fertilizer land (soily soil, strong water-holding capacity) of the Xinji Malan Base. However, they found that drought resistance and water saving could not be selected among these varieties; in the Academy of Agricultural Sciences The wheat varieties selected on medium-scale soil strength (sand-loam soil, poor water retention capacity) in the hospital test yard have the characteristics of strong drought-resistance and water-saving, but the high yield is often unsatisfactory. The results selected in these two test sites resulted in poor drought-resilient materials, and good drought-resistant water-saving materials with low yield potential, and planted under high water and fertilizer conditions, causing problems such as lodging and many other problems. This obviously does not satisfy the researchers.
After many scientific researches, the researchers slowly found out the "temper temperament" of water-saving genetic wheat. They found that in the external form, the wheat cultivars with fine stalks, narrow leaves and long roots, and well-developed root systems tend to have more water-saving properties. Grasp the morphological characteristics of drought-resistant water-saving materials, so that researchers have a bottom. In the future combination and combination, they chose the materials with these characteristics as their parents. At the same time, they selected the drought-resistance and water-saving traits as an important indicator in selecting the high yield of wheat, so that the new generation of wheat varieties that were selected would yield high yields. It also has water-saving and drought-resistance properties.
Regarding the breeds cultivated in the two experimental bases in the past in Malan and the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guo Jinkao made a bold vision and could he combine the respective advantages of the two wheat varieties?
The comrades of the research group made concerted efforts and said they worked hard. They brought high-yield materials selected from the high-fat land of the Xinji Malan base to the sandy soil of the hospital test site to identify and filter drought-resistance and water-saving, and put the drought-resistant section selected at the hospital test site again. The water materials were harvested on the high water and fertilizer plots in the Malan base for high yield. Unexpectedly, this approach has really combined high-yield and drought-resistant water-saving. The new-generation wheat has already exhibited both high yield and water-saving characteristics.
However, they did not stop here, but instead developed the “satisfaction with the previous generation of same-generation fertilizer and water, screening high-yield performance, post-drought stress, and screening for drought and water-saving performance†on these successful experiences. The method of breeding water-saving and high-yield varieties was chosen alternately in different places, and the water-saving and high-yield properties of wheat varieties selected through this method were greatly improved.
This unusual breeding method has also attracted the attention of many experts. In 2005, Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural Sciences selected the method of breeding new varieties of high-yielding water-saving winter wheat through the experts organized by the Provincial Department of Science and Technology. Experts believe that The research has reached the international advanced level.
This new breed, bred by the staff of the Guojin Research Group and the Wheat Research Group, did not disappoint everyone. The results of the trial conducted by the Agricultural Modern Institute of Shijiazhuang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences showed that the “0 water treatment†(ie, the water from sowing to harvesting) was not performed at the Yucheng Experimental Station. In the pouring experiment, the average yield per mu can reach 476.67 kilograms, which ranks the first among the 19 participating varieties in 6 provinces (cities). In the "1 water treatment" (ie, wheat was sowed from the sowing to harvesting), the new wheat variety had an average yield of 494.31 kilograms, which is still the first of 19 varieties tested!
The results of the experiment have inspired many experts. Among the many excellent wheat varieties in the past, there have been no such wheat varieties with such high water-saving and high-yield output. Some experts are happy to evaluate this wheat as “Aquaculture produces a thousand pounds!†Shijiazhuang Agricultural Academy experts gave it a resounding name: “Shijiazhuang No. 8â€!
Water-saving, high-yield, for China “I lived in my 80s and I have never seen such a good wheat.†Last year, the wheat harvest, Li Yanfa of Ermiao Village, Ningyang County, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, held a golden grain of wheat and laughed. Be close to the mouth.
In 2005, they planted Shijiazhuang No. 8 in 1360 mu of dry and semi-arid lands. The villager Wang Xinguang’s 3.5 mu of wheat produced an average of 634.5 kilograms per mu, and Li Yanfa’s 3 acres of grandfather’s home. Fertilizer dry land has not been poured, the average yield of even reached 472 kilograms, which allows the elderly how can we not happy to open the flowers.
In Manziying Village, Chenzui Township, Qing County, Qingsi County, the villager Xu Zhenjie has planted 5 acres of Shijiazhuang on the 8th. The County Agricultural Bureau has determined that the yield per mu is more than 600 kg, which is more than 200 kg per mu. The neighbors and villagers all ran to see a rare one: "It is a god of the quail breed, and it can be harvested in the dry years!" After the wheat harvest, the wheat seeds of Xu Zhenjie's family were sold out by the big guys.
From Wuqiao, Ganzhou, to Fuyang, Henan, and from Yuncheng, Shanxi, to Chengcheng, Shaanxi, the same joy of harvesting bloomed in the mouth of the folks in the experimental area.
Holding the “Golden Seeds†in his hands, Guo Jinkao and his research team also felt that their shoulders had a heavy responsibility. According to their calculations, if we promoted 5 million mu of “Shijiazhuang No. 8â€, even if only a small amount of “one water†was poured per acre, The saved groundwater is also enough for the entire city of Shijiazhuang to use water for two years. To promote one mu of water-saving wheat is to save more water for Hebei and China.
In order to accelerate the promotion and application of new varieties, the Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural Sciences cooperated with the seed management department, the technology promotion department, and the earth seed industry company to establish a high-yield demonstration model of “ten, hundred, thousand, and ten thousand†varieties in the appropriate areas of the variety. The network system is the 10-mu high-yielding model field, the 100- and 1000-mu high-yield demonstration area, and the 10,000-mu large-scale display field. Combining the national food high-tech science and technology projects and technology home projects, we will conduct technical training, popularize scientific and technological knowledge, and raise the level of farmers' farming, so as to promote large areas of water-saving and high-yield harvests.
After many years of identification by the Institute of Crop Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Dryland Research Institute of the Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Northwest Agricultural University, etc., “Shijiazhuang No.8†showed water-saving and high-yield in the irrigated land, and showed drought-resistance, high yield, and moisture in the semiarid area. The utilization rate is as high as 1.9 KG/M3 (referring to the input of 1.9 kg of wheat for one cubic meter of water), which is about 25% higher than the current domestic high-yield wheat varieties. Once large-scale industrialization is planted, there will be huge economic and social benefits.
The combination of high production and water saving makes Shijiazhuang No. 8 stand out among many wheat varieties. For the future of Shijiazhuang No. 8, Guo Jinkao and his research group have a better vision. Developing water-saving and high-efficiency agriculture is the only way to realize the strategy of sustainable utilization of water resources in China. Breeding high-yielding water-saving wheat varieties and developing water-saving high-efficiency agriculture are self-evident to safeguard China's water resources security. From this point of view, it is born with the unlimited support of the people "Shijiazhuang No. 8", but also was given such a responsibility: water, high yield, for China.
Linking to the new concept of water-saving agriculture—The shortage of biological water-saving freshwater resources is a worldwide problem. The development of water-saving agriculture and efficient use of water resources are common choices for all countries. In addition to effective project water saving, agronomic water conservation, and water saving management, biological water saving, which is mainly based on improving the water use efficiency of plants, is also one of the important connotations. Moreover, water saving may be realized. The key to the increase in production and the ultimate potential lies.
Biological water saving refers to the utilization and development of the organism's own physiological and genetic potential, and it can obtain more agricultural output under the same water supply conditions. Biological water-saving technologies are formulated according to crop water requirements, and are also the basis for adopting corresponding projects and agricultural water-saving measures.
The main objectives of water-saving agriculture are to achieve: while maintaining the normal growth of agricultural production, how to make full use of local natural precipitation and greatly reduce the irrigation water, so as to maintain the regional balance of water resources and promote sustainable development of agriculture . Biological water-saving technologies are formulated according to crop water requirements, and are also the basis for adopting corresponding projects and agricultural water-saving measures.
As scientific terminology, the term "Watersaving" and "Watersaving agriculture" are proposed and advocated by Chinese researchers. It has the same meaning as that used abroad: Water efficient; Effic-ientwateruse. It is mainly achieved by increasing the water use efficiency (WUE) of the plant, and is also closely related to the drought resistance of the plant. Biological water-saving has a wide range of meanings, including studies conducted at different levels from molecules, cells, plants, groups, and river basins.
Biological water-saving approaches include genetic improvement, physiological regulation, and population adaptation (crop complementation). Among them, breeding new varieties and new types of drought-resistant and water-saving through genetic improvement should be regarded as a core goal of biological water-saving. In terms of group adaptation, the basic point is to use the water demand characteristics and water consumption rules of different crops to optimize the allocation of agricultural water resources, and to establish a water-saving cropping system. At present, this is a kind of effect that can produce a large range of effects. The more realistic biological-agronomic water-saving strategy. In the aspect of physiological control research, establishing a system of limited irrigation (not adequate irrigation) is an important task based on the principle that the above-mentioned moderate water deficit can produce compensatory effects. This aspect can be based on existing knowledge and experience in applying conventional irrigation techniques and Methods to achieve; on the other hand to adopt new technologies, and gradually to the direction of precision irrigation.
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