1, the biological characteristics of sweet cherry
Sweet cherry trees are not tolerant to cold, impatient tolerant and more resistant to salinity, and poor weather and soil conditions and improper cultivation practices will have adverse effects on them. At -15 ~ -18 °C temperature, flower buds often occur frost damage, -2 °C often cause serious pumping or flow plastic, and even death. Planted in viscous soils with poor air permeability and susceptible to root-caused disease and fluidic gum disease, or falling, fruiting, or dead trees due to alfalfa damage. Fertilization, excessive irrigation and pruning and overweight can easily lead to gummy disease or light tree growth. Sweet cherry varieties have low self-fruiting rates and need to be equipped with 2 to 3 pollination varieties. Its saplings enter the result period later, generally see fruit in 3 years, and enter high-yield period after 5 years. Sweet cherries need certain low temperature conditions during dormancy, otherwise they will not bloom normally.
Sweet cherry
Sweet cherry
2. High yield cultivation techniques of sweet cherry in protected areas
2.1 Selection
It is required to be planted in sandy loam soil and loam soil with deep soil, fertile soil, loose soil, good permeability, good fertilizer retention and water retention performance, and pH value of 6.5-7.5.
2.2 Variety selection
Variety selection should be based on early maturation, fruit size, fruit peel red, anti-crack fruit, high yield and good varieties, with appropriate mid-maturing varieties or yellow varieties, in order to regulate the time to market and color monotonous problems. In addition, consideration should also be given to selecting varieties with similar coldness and good pollination affinities to be planted in the same shed during the dormancy period. After many years of variety tests and market surveys, the varieties of sweet cherry suitable for cultivation in protected areas are as follows.
(1) Red light. It was cultivated by the Dalian Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The parents were Naon Wong and Topaz. The fruit is kidney-shaped and neat, with an average fruit weight of 9.6g. The skin is red to purple, with a bright sheen. Red flesh, thick and juicy, sweet and sour flavor, soluble solids content of 17.1%, short stem, resistant to storage, anti-crack fruit, fruit development period 45d.
(2) Rabins. Canadian breed. The fruit is nearly round or oval, the average fruit weight is 8g, the skin is purple, there is a bright luster, red flesh, hard, thick and juicy, sweet and sour taste palatability, soluble solids content of 16%. Short handle, resistant to storage, anti-cracking.
(3) Italy's early red. French variety, fruit kidney shape, average fruit weight 7g, soluble solids content 12.5%. The peel is thick red, purple and shiny when fully cooked. Red flesh, thick and juicy, sweet and sour.
(4) Choice. Ukrainian breed. The fruit is broadly heart-shaped, with an average fruit weight of 8g. The fruit skin is purplish red. The flesh is tender, juicy, and tastes sweet and sour.
(5) Early Ruby. Ukrainian breed. The fruit is broadly heart-shaped, with an average fruit weight of 6g. The flesh has a purplish red flesh, and the skin is thin and soft. The meat is tender and juicy, and its taste is light.
(6) Midea (7144-6). American variety, fruit wide heart-shaped, slightly flat top. The fruit is big and neat, with an average fruit weight of 9.4g. The skin is full of red-purple, shiny, bright color, crisp flesh, thick and juicy, sweet and sour taste.
(7) Good Red. Dalian Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The fruit is wide heart-shaped, large and neat, with an average fruit weight of 9.57g and a maximum of 11.7g. Peel is light yellow, with bright red and clear spots, shiny, and beautiful appearance.
2.3 Seedling preparation
It is necessary to cultivate saplings that have a tree age of more than four to five years and have a certain yield. In Dalian, one-year-old seedlings can be planted directly on pre-constructed greenhouses, and greenhouses will be built when there is output. Areas where the northern area of ​​Xiongyue does not safely overwinter should be planted in containers first, such as wooden boxes, mud pots, and nutritional bags [2]. In winter, the sheds are used for insulation or open trenches for storage, and then moved into exposed cultivation in the spring of the next year. After the seedlings enter the fruiting period, they are planted in greenhouses in the spring.
2.4 seedling planting
According to the planting line, dig 5cm in depth and 1 to 15cm in width, apply 3.t/hm2 of manure to the house, and backfill after mixing with the soil. The selection of strong seedlings or fruiting saplings without root cancer is planted before budding or at the beginning of budding. The plant spacing can be 1.5m2.5m or 2.m3.m; the transplanting trees are six to seven years old with a spacing of 3. M4.m is suitable.
2.5 Construction of Protection Facilities
Protected areas should be selected where there are no tall buildings or shady trees to ensure better lighting. There are two kinds of greenhouses and plastic greenhouses for protection facilities. The greenhouses are east-west oriented, facing south to the south, with a ridge height of 3.5 to 4. m, a width of 8. to 9 m, or a ridge height of 5. to 5.5 m and a width of 1 to 12 mm. .m, length 6 to 1m. The greenhouse ridge height is suitable, then the light and heat preservation performance is good. The front roof should be arched to maintain good lighting conditions and solid film. Plastic greenhouses generally take a north-south full-arch circle with a ridge height of 3.5 to 4.5m and a width of 12 to 2m.
2.6 Management measures
2.6.1 fertilization and irrigation. When the trees were planted in the spring of the year, after the tree was planted, each plant was applied with 1. to 1.5 kg of compound fertilizer. In the early growth period from May to June, foliar spray of 5 to 6 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3 times, or energetic 6 times liquid plus urea 5 times, should be applied alternately. From late August to early September, topdressing organic fertilizer was applied and calcium superphosphate fertilizer was added. During the greenhouse production in winter, fertilizers are applied once at the time of temperature increase and after fruit collection, and each plant applies about 1 kg. 15 days after flowering, foliar fertilizer was sprayed, sprayed once every 7 to 1 days, and stopped 1 month after fruit collection. Fertilizer and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were the main foliar fertilizers. Irrigation depends on the weather and the soil moisture conditions, and it grasps the principle of no drought. During the period of greenhouse coverage, the water is selected on sunny days. The number of times of irrigation and irrigation is generally preceded by warming, before flowering, after the hard core of the fruit, before the fruit is colored, and after the fruit is taken. [3] Before warming, before flowering, and after fruit picking, diffuse flooding methods can be adopted. The principle of water permeation is the principle of percolation. Before hard nucleus and before fruit coloring, furrow irrigation, pit irrigation or drip irrigation should be adopted.
2.6.2 loose soil and turn the tree tray. After each irrigation and rainfall, loosen the soil when the surface is slightly dry. The depth of loose soil should be 5-8cm to improve the permeability of the soil and maintain the water and fertility. When the winter begins to depreciate and heat up, after the first irrigation of the water, it is necessary to deepen the tree-pan 1 to a depth of 15 to 2 cm.
2.6.3 Shaping. Trees suitable for cultivation are sheltered and trunk-shaped. The happy shape is often used in the front row, the tree height is controlled at 1.5 to 1.8 meters, and the improved trunk shape is used at the second row. The tree height is controlled at 2. to 2.5 meters. Pruning is performed during the growing season, including pulling branches, removing sprouts, picking hearts, taking branches and carving buds and other methods [4].
2.6.4 film. The time covered by the greenhouse and the greenhouse should be earlier than late. When the outside temperature is below the low temperature (°C frost), cover the grass immediately and keep the temperature inside the shed at ~7°C, preferably 5～7°C. . When the accumulated temperature reaches 12h, the curtain is opened to promote warming.
2.6.5 temperature and humidity control. During the dormant period, the shed is kept at ~7°C, and 5 to 7°C is the best. At the beginning of warming, the maximum temperature during the day does not exceed 15°C, and is not lower than 3°C during the night. After 5 to 1 days, it can be raised to 18°C ​​during the day; the maximum temperature during the early flowering period does not exceed 18°C, and the minimum temperature is not less than 5°C. Table 1 shows the management indicators of temperature, humidity, and ground temperature at the stage. During the bud to flowering period, it is necessary to spray water on the ground at 9: -12: on sunny days to keep the humidity within the greenhouse between 3% and 5%.
2.6.6 Gas regulation. After exposing the curtains every day, a small amount of vents are opened in time without affecting the temperature, so that the internal and external gases are exchanged. Where conditions permit, after the sunny day sunrise is lifted, before the ventilation outlet is closed before ventilation and before the curtain is released, carbon dioxide gas fertilizer is released to adjust the carbon dioxide concentration in the shed.
2.6.7 Lighting control. Under the premise of not affecting the temperature, it is necessary to remove the film every morning and put grass in the evening to extend the lighting time as much as possible. When it is overcast, snow, or rain, when the temperature does not fall to the minimum temperature, uncover the grasshopper as much as possible. . Regularly clean the dust on the shed to keep it clean and transparent.
2.6.8 Flower Management. Should be managed from the following aspects: 1 thinning and thinning fruit. After the flower buds are swollen, the excessive number of flower buds in the tree need to be deprived of buds, and the thin flower buds on the bouquet-like fruit branch, the middle and long fruit branch, and the later flower buds are to be removed. The buds of the smallest flower buds are removed after flower buds are budding. Eliminate lean malformation flowers [5]. Thinning fruit should be carried out 3 weeks after flowering (after physiological fruiting) and sparsely deformed fruit and diseased fruit. 2 auxiliary pollination. In the greenhouse, there is no wind and insects are pollinated. Artificial pollination must be used. Pollen is made of valve cores and iron wire. Point of pollen is given to the stigma of the newly opened flowers [6], or released when the cherry is just seen. The bees pollinate, the beehives are placed in the middle of the greenhouse, and 1 box is placed in each greenhouse. 3 spraying a time. 3% borax or 5mg/kg gibberellin. The spraying time should be 2 hours before the curtain is opened in the morning or after the curtain is opened in the afternoon. It is prone to phytotoxicity when there is sufficient sunshine before and after noon. 4 In addition to the petals. Because there is no wind in the greenhouse, petals are not easy to fall off or fall on the leaves, affect the photosynthesis of the leaves, but also easily cause opacity, causing the occurrence of gray mold. Therefore, the branches are often slapped during the flowering period, causing the petals to be shaken off or the petals to be manually removed.
2.6.9 Remove cover. After the fruit is harvested, pay attention to timely exercise and remove the covering timely. When the outside temperature is higher than 1°C, you can leave the grasshopper at night and start exercising. Remove the shed film when the temperature is higher than 15°C. During this period, the time for exhalation exercise should not be less than 15 to 2 days, so as to prevent falling leaves and post-harvest flowering.
2.7 Pest Control
The harmful pests of sweet cherries mainly include red spider, two-leafhopper, leafminer, green-lipped caterpillar, swing caterpillar, boat-shaped caterpillar, leaf roller leafworm, pear borer, etc. The main diseases are turbid, root-cancer, and disease. Bacterial perforation, leaf spot and coal contamination. Insect pests should be controlled at the initial stage of occurrence. The principle of disease prevention and control is mainly prevention and comprehensive prevention and control.
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