(1) Choosing the sea area As a sea area, the following conditions must be met:
Bottom: It is better to have a flat mud bottom and a sandy bottom, followed by a harder sandy bottom, and the weakest mud bottom is the worst. Rocky bottoms can be. The former fights and the latter squats.
Depth of water: It is determined by the length of the seedlings and the form of raising. Generally, in the sea area where the water depth is more than 5 meters during the large wet tide in winter, salmon farming can be developed.
Currents, wind waves, better breeding areas are large, small waves. Deep sea areas and large stormy sea areas are also good breeding areas as long as they are safe and secure. Areas with upwelling and cold water masses are particularly good.
Transparency: Better transparency in the aquaculture area is required to promote the growth of kelp. The key to transparency in the sea area is the relative stability of transparency.
Nutrients: The cultured sea area should have good nutrient content, and generally require nitrogen content above 100mg/m3.
Sewage: Sewage includes domestic sewage and industrial and agricultural production wastewater. Cultured sea areas should avoid contaminated sea areas.
(2) Structure and arrangement of farming truss There are two main types of farming trusses: single trusses (also known as large single trusses) and double trusses (also known as large trusses). Single trusses are superior, and are the main types of kelp farming in China.
Single truss structure: It is mainly composed of floating rafts, rafts, rakes (or sarcophagus), floats, slings, etc.
Floating rafts: floating on the surface of the sea by float buoyancy, the seedling ropes hanging on it. Its length is long, about 50-60 meters. Its material is plant fiber or chemical fiber rope.
Rafters and rakes (or sarcophagus): used to fasten the body, one end of the rifling is connected to the floating pontoon, and the other is attached to the bottom of the sea rake. The material of the rope is the same as that of the float. There are wooden rakes and bamboo rakes. Dendrobium can be made of stone, but also reinforced concrete components.
Float: Provides buoyancy for the ropes, types of hairy bamboo, glass balls, plastic balls, and polyethylene foam.
The layout of the sea area must be planned in a unified manner and reasonably distributed. Consider flow, safety, and ease of operation. Delimitation of rows, composition interval, generally 30-40 sets of rice dumplings for a row (a district), the district spacing of 30-40 meters is appropriate, the distance between the bowl (equal) to 6-8 meters is appropriate.
Set the direction of the wind to consider the relationship between wind and current and the light condition of the kelp. There are two major categories: downstream and horizontal.
Development process to develop the selection of sea areas → Arrangement of aquaculture trusses → Outbound transport of kelp seedlings → Holding of kelp seedlings (hanging type, flat hanging type) → Detaching seedling curtain → Regulating the water layer → Fertilizing → Scrubbing and safety →Preparation before seedlings (Preparation of seedling ropes, preparation of slings, rockfall, preparation of seedling separation tools)→Seedling time (from the end of October to the beginning of November), seedling standard (10 cm), Picking seedlings, transporting seedlings, clipping seedlings, and hanging seedlings } → Forming methods (flat raising, vertical raising, vertical rotation, one-on-one breeding, and algae cultivation) → cultivation management (reasonably fostering, adjusting light, fertilizing, Sharp tip, other management) → Harvest.
Fertilization Fertilizing in sea areas with low nitrogen content requires fertilization to produce commercial kelp. Seawater fertilization is characterized by low absorption of kelp, large loss, and low fertilizer efficiency. According to this feature, the most commonly used methods are spray fertilizer, fertilizer and hanging bags. To apply nitrogen fertilizer, adequate amount of phosphate fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer varies depending on the season. In recent years, due to the eutrophication phenomenon in the sea area, it is obvious that there is no need for fertilization in the kelp breeding.
Disease prevention and control The main diseases during the development of kelp are: green rotting, white rotten, spotted rotten, blistering, curling, stalk leaf curl disease, and yellow and white edges. The major hazards of production are mainly green rotting in natural fertile areas and white rotten, spotted rotten and yellow and white in the poor areas of the Outer Sea.
Green rot disease: It usually turns green, soft, or green spots from the edge of the tip of the algae, and then it rots and spreads, causing the entire kelp to rot. Prevention and treatment to improve light, clear water.
White rot disease: A common disease that occurs at the tip of the blade and then develops toward the leaf margin, midrib and base. Prevention methods: reduce the water layer, chase fertilizer, cut tip and scrubbing.
Spotted white rotten disease: common disease, sudden disease, rapid development, 3-5 days can make the kelp badly, causing great harm to the production.
Control methods: Reduce the stocking density, sharpen the tip in time, evacuate the outer area with deep water flow, control the raising of the water layer, separate the seedlings in advance, and invert them at a proper time.
In the case of blisters, many blisters appear on the leaves. After the blisters burst, some floating sludge is deposited on the leaves and turns green and rots into many holes. The method of prevention and control is to drop the seedlings in the water layer before the rainy season or heavy rain to prevent fresh water from harming.
Curl disease: Occurs around the growth area. The condition can be divided into two situations: one is the curling and twisting of the glossy edge toward the middle band, and the other is the phenomenon of “card waist†at the growing point. The prevention and control measures are to improve the light conditions and avoid the strong light.
Stem leaf curl disease: The typical symptom is a rough swollen base, atrophy of the root, less root branching, similar to chicken feet, and the leaves are of various types of curls. They are severely shaped like flocculent, commonly known as lantern kelp. The prevention and control methods reasonably improved the breeding methods, avoiding the aquaculture water layer being too deep, the breeding density being too large, and the fertilization management being too poor. We will implement four more measures to increase the distance, distance, pitch, and seed distance.
Huang Baibian and other diseases, predators: The edge of the sea area is yellow and white and affects the quality of the kelp. Appropriate fertilization and light adjustment are effective preventive measures. Other enemy enemies include the attachment of attached organisms, and the acquisition of tides.
Bottom: It is better to have a flat mud bottom and a sandy bottom, followed by a harder sandy bottom, and the weakest mud bottom is the worst. Rocky bottoms can be. The former fights and the latter squats.
Depth of water: It is determined by the length of the seedlings and the form of raising. Generally, in the sea area where the water depth is more than 5 meters during the large wet tide in winter, salmon farming can be developed.
Currents, wind waves, better breeding areas are large, small waves. Deep sea areas and large stormy sea areas are also good breeding areas as long as they are safe and secure. Areas with upwelling and cold water masses are particularly good.
Transparency: Better transparency in the aquaculture area is required to promote the growth of kelp. The key to transparency in the sea area is the relative stability of transparency.
Nutrients: The cultured sea area should have good nutrient content, and generally require nitrogen content above 100mg/m3.
Sewage: Sewage includes domestic sewage and industrial and agricultural production wastewater. Cultured sea areas should avoid contaminated sea areas.
(2) Structure and arrangement of farming truss There are two main types of farming trusses: single trusses (also known as large single trusses) and double trusses (also known as large trusses). Single trusses are superior, and are the main types of kelp farming in China.
Single truss structure: It is mainly composed of floating rafts, rafts, rakes (or sarcophagus), floats, slings, etc.
Floating rafts: floating on the surface of the sea by float buoyancy, the seedling ropes hanging on it. Its length is long, about 50-60 meters. Its material is plant fiber or chemical fiber rope.
Rafters and rakes (or sarcophagus): used to fasten the body, one end of the rifling is connected to the floating pontoon, and the other is attached to the bottom of the sea rake. The material of the rope is the same as that of the float. There are wooden rakes and bamboo rakes. Dendrobium can be made of stone, but also reinforced concrete components.
Float: Provides buoyancy for the ropes, types of hairy bamboo, glass balls, plastic balls, and polyethylene foam.
The layout of the sea area must be planned in a unified manner and reasonably distributed. Consider flow, safety, and ease of operation. Delimitation of rows, composition interval, generally 30-40 sets of rice dumplings for a row (a district), the district spacing of 30-40 meters is appropriate, the distance between the bowl (equal) to 6-8 meters is appropriate.
Set the direction of the wind to consider the relationship between wind and current and the light condition of the kelp. There are two major categories: downstream and horizontal.
Development process to develop the selection of sea areas → Arrangement of aquaculture trusses → Outbound transport of kelp seedlings → Holding of kelp seedlings (hanging type, flat hanging type) → Detaching seedling curtain → Regulating the water layer → Fertilizing → Scrubbing and safety →Preparation before seedlings (Preparation of seedling ropes, preparation of slings, rockfall, preparation of seedling separation tools)→Seedling time (from the end of October to the beginning of November), seedling standard (10 cm), Picking seedlings, transporting seedlings, clipping seedlings, and hanging seedlings } → Forming methods (flat raising, vertical raising, vertical rotation, one-on-one breeding, and algae cultivation) → cultivation management (reasonably fostering, adjusting light, fertilizing, Sharp tip, other management) → Harvest.
Fertilization Fertilizing in sea areas with low nitrogen content requires fertilization to produce commercial kelp. Seawater fertilization is characterized by low absorption of kelp, large loss, and low fertilizer efficiency. According to this feature, the most commonly used methods are spray fertilizer, fertilizer and hanging bags. To apply nitrogen fertilizer, adequate amount of phosphate fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer varies depending on the season. In recent years, due to the eutrophication phenomenon in the sea area, it is obvious that there is no need for fertilization in the kelp breeding.
Disease prevention and control The main diseases during the development of kelp are: green rotting, white rotten, spotted rotten, blistering, curling, stalk leaf curl disease, and yellow and white edges. The major hazards of production are mainly green rotting in natural fertile areas and white rotten, spotted rotten and yellow and white in the poor areas of the Outer Sea.
Green rot disease: It usually turns green, soft, or green spots from the edge of the tip of the algae, and then it rots and spreads, causing the entire kelp to rot. Prevention and treatment to improve light, clear water.
White rot disease: A common disease that occurs at the tip of the blade and then develops toward the leaf margin, midrib and base. Prevention methods: reduce the water layer, chase fertilizer, cut tip and scrubbing.
Spotted white rotten disease: common disease, sudden disease, rapid development, 3-5 days can make the kelp badly, causing great harm to the production.
Control methods: Reduce the stocking density, sharpen the tip in time, evacuate the outer area with deep water flow, control the raising of the water layer, separate the seedlings in advance, and invert them at a proper time.
In the case of blisters, many blisters appear on the leaves. After the blisters burst, some floating sludge is deposited on the leaves and turns green and rots into many holes. The method of prevention and control is to drop the seedlings in the water layer before the rainy season or heavy rain to prevent fresh water from harming.
Curl disease: Occurs around the growth area. The condition can be divided into two situations: one is the curling and twisting of the glossy edge toward the middle band, and the other is the phenomenon of “card waist†at the growing point. The prevention and control measures are to improve the light conditions and avoid the strong light.
Stem leaf curl disease: The typical symptom is a rough swollen base, atrophy of the root, less root branching, similar to chicken feet, and the leaves are of various types of curls. They are severely shaped like flocculent, commonly known as lantern kelp. The prevention and control methods reasonably improved the breeding methods, avoiding the aquaculture water layer being too deep, the breeding density being too large, and the fertilization management being too poor. We will implement four more measures to increase the distance, distance, pitch, and seed distance.
Huang Baibian and other diseases, predators: The edge of the sea area is yellow and white and affects the quality of the kelp. Appropriate fertilization and light adjustment are effective preventive measures. Other enemy enemies include the attachment of attached organisms, and the acquisition of tides.
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