Modular plant phenotypic analysis technical program: non-destructive quantitative detection of rice blast, bacterial blight and drought resistance
In agricultural production practices, crops often face both the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. Rice is the most widely grown crop and faces a range of environmental challenges. In tropical and subtropical regions, the most important abiotic stress faced by rice is drought stress, and biotic stresses such as rice blast and bacterial blight can also seriously reduce rice yield. The global climate change model predicts that environmental changes will further increase the frequency and intensity of these two types of stress. Therefore, research on this aspect through rapid, non-destructive and accurate plant phenotypic optical analysis technology has become an extremely urgent task. The Institute of Global Change of the Czech Academy of Sciences has conducted research in this area in conjunction with the Kansas State University and the International Rice Research Institute. The FP100 handheld chlorophyll fluorescence instrument, FluorCam portable fluorescence imager and WinePen spectrometer were used to measure the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and vegetation index of various near-isogenic rice under different stresses.
Left: Rice infected with rice blast and bacterial blight; right: hand-held instrument used in the experiment
Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis showed that the maximum quantum yield Fv/Fm, the actual quantum yield QY_Lss and the steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence Ft_Lss of photosystem II can effectively distinguish rice blast and bacterial blight. In the drought stress test, QY_Lss is not effective. 
Fluorescence imaging of Fv/Fm chlorophyll in rice blast infected with rice blast
The vegetation index obtained by spectrometer indicates that rice blast and drought can be detected by the reflectance vegetation index of visible light, while bacterial blight can be detected by the near-infrared-related reflectance vegetation index. Plant used in the study are index
| Vegetation index | formula | Correlation |
| Reflectance ratio RR | R550/R675 | rice blast |
| Reflectance ratio RR | R570/R675 | rice blast |
| Reflectance ratio RR | R675/R700 | Chlorophyll a |
| Reflectance ratio RR | R672/R550 | Chlorophyll b |
| Reflectance ratio RR | R750/R550 | Total chlorophyll |
| Structural reflection index SRI | R750/R700 | Total chlorophyll |
| Normalized Vegetation Index NDVI | (R755+R664)/(R755-R664) | Total chlorophyll |
| Reflectance ratio RR | (R780-R710)/(R780-R680) | Total chlorophyll |
| Normalized spectral index NDSI | (R550-R410)/(R550+R410) | Chlorophyll b |
| Photochemical reflectance index PRI | (R531-R570)/(R531+R570) | Photosynthesis |
| Carotenoid Reflex Index CRI 700 | 1/R510-1/R700 | Total carotenoid |
In addition to chlorophyll fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy techniques, the authors also mention UV-UV excitation fluorescence to monitor biotic stress, UV-MCF multispectral fluorescence imaging. This technique is especially suitable for bio-stress research. Its main applications are: 1. Early non-destructive detection of crop diseases; 2. Combined with FluorCam chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technology, Specim hyperspectral imaging technology, infrared thermal imaging technology to study stress, especially disease. Effects on photosynthetic systems, plant defense mechanisms and secondary metabolism, stomatal closure and leaf temperature.
Modular plant phenotypic analysis technical solution recommended:
1. Basic plan: FP110 handheld chlorophyll fluorescence instrument + RP410 handheld plant reflectance spectrometer or manufacturer custom WinePen
2. Advanced program: FluorCam chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system + Specim IQ handheld hyperspectral imager
3. Advanced solution: FluorCam multispectral fluorescence imaging system + FX10/FX17 portable hyperspectral imager or SisuCHEMA hyperspectral scanning imaging analysis system
references:
- Å ebela1D, et al. 2017. Chlorophyll fluorescence and reflectance-based non-invasive quantification of blast, bacterial blight and drought stresses in rice. Plant and Cell Physiology, 59(1): 30-43
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