(I) Requirements for the design of the chicken house The chicken house design is the main part of the environmental engineering design of the chicken farm. It is the environment of the integrated field, and creates a good environment for the growth and development of the chickens and the production of eggs. It is designed to work directly in the chicken house. Personnel create a good work environment engineering design. When designing a chicken house, there should be an overall requirement for the entire chicken house, with specific requirements for each part. The designed chicken house must not only meet the biological characteristics of the flock, but also make the construction cost low and save money. Black-eared chicken likes to dry, especially afraid of moisture, so pay attention to ventilation and humidity during the design of the chicken house. The requirements for the design of the house are as follows: 1. The area of ​​the house The area of ​​the house is determined by the feeding method and density. The span of the house should not be too large. The open house is within 9.5 meters and natural ventilation can achieve good results. The simple house has a span of about 6 meters and a height of less than 2.4 meters from the eaves to the ground. 2. Good insulation and heat preservation performance The chicken is a constant temperature animal. When the ambient temperature is 7 to 30°C, it can adjust the body temperature. When the ambient temperature is higher than 30°C or lower than 7°C, the chicken cannot adjust the body temperature by itself. Therefore, the house should be warm in winter and cool in summer. Regardless of the kind of chicken house, there should be roofs and walls with good heat insulation and heat preservation properties, especially roofs. The heat insulation and heat preservation performance of the chicken house will have a long-term impact on the production of chickens. 3. The lighting and ventilation should be sufficient to ensure proper lighting and a good air environment in the house. 4. Facilitate epidemic prevention After the chickens have all been transferred out, they can be completely rinsed and disinfected. 5. The roof or wall of a firm and strict chicken house requires no gaps and loopholes. The ground and concrete skirts should be solid. All the openings and holes should be installed with a solid metal net to prevent wild birds and rats from flying or burrowing. 6. The structure of the door and aisle should be compact. The general single door should be 2 meters high and 1 meter wide. The double doors should be 2 to 2.1 meters high and 1.6 meters wide (2 meters and 0.8 meters). The ventilation and lighting factor should be taken into account in the windows (the area of ​​the windows and the ground The ratio of the area), the general lighting factor is 0.1 to 0.07, colder areas can be lower, about 0.04. The width of the aisle must take into account the convenience of people and operations. The aisle with a small span is designed on the north side and is 1.2 meters wide and spans more than 9 meters. The aisle is located in the middle and is about 1.5 meters wide. It is advisable that the aisle width of caged chicken houses is not less than 1 meter. In short, the structure of doors and aisles should be easy to work, transport, and keep cold. 7. Ground and sports ground should be cemented and provided with sewers for flushing and disinfection. In areas with high groundwater levels or in humid areas, a moisture barrier (linoleum or plastic film) should be laid under the ground. An open-plan flat broiler house for broiler chickens and chickens should be provided with a playground, which is generally the same length as the broiler house, and has a breadth of about 2 times the span of the house. The sports ground is located in the south and the ground is flat and slightly sloped to facilitate drainage. The sports ground should be fenced or fenced. The design of the chicken house should pay attention to the local materials of construction materials, make full use of local resources, choose durable, inexpensive and high-quality materials, so as to reduce the cost of the chicken house and build a simple chicken. (II) Selection and layout of field pull 1. The choice of field pull selection has a long-term impact on the construction investment of chicken farms, production performance, health status, production efficiency, cost, and surrounding environment of chickens. You have to choose carefully about the field. (1) Geographic location: The site should be easily accessible, but it must not be too close to the main road of the highway, and at least 400 meters away from the main road. The road inside and outside the stadium is flat so that production and living materials can be transported. The field of choice must also consider the source of feed. Field pull should be far away from residential areas, other livestock and poultry farms and slaughterhouses, as well as factories with fumes and harmful gases to avoid environmental pollution. (2) Topographic terrain: The terrain should be high-drying, leeward sunny, south-facing or southeast, it is best to have a certain slope, in order to facilitate light, ventilation and drainage. The ground should not have steep slopes and the road should be flat. Don't set up a field in a low-lying and wet place, otherwise the chickens are susceptible to the disease. Terrain seeks to create square roots in order to save as much as possible on paving and erecting pipelines, wires and costs, and to occupy as little or as little as possible of farmland and cultivated land. (3) Soil quality: The soil quality is preferably lime-containing soil or sandy loam, so that it can be kept dry inside and outside, and water can be promptly removed after the rain. Construction of coops on sticky land should be avoided. In addition, when building chicken coops on hilly hills, prevent “bleeding water†from entering. In addition to good soil quality, groundwater levels should not be high. (4) Water source: Water consumption and water quality should be taken into account in the chicken farm. The groundwater should be the best source of water. The water quality should be clean and meet the drinking water hygiene requirements. (5) Adequate sunshine: Long sunshine hours have a good effect on heat preservation, energy conservation, egg production and chicken health. In addition, we should consider the power supply situation and surrounding the outbreak. 2. Reasonable layout of chicken farms (1) Regional division: 1 Production area: including hatching room, brooding room, backyard chicken house, breeder house and so on. 2 auxiliary production areas: including feed warehouses, feed processing plants, garages, egg banks, veterinary rooms and so on. 3Administrative areas: guard communication room, entry disinfection room, office, financial room, production technology room, health and epidemic prevention room, etc. 4 living areas: dormitories, canteens, residential areas and so on. All districts should be strictly separated from each other, each district should be 80 to 100 meters above the gap, the administrative area should be close to the production area, to facilitate the guidance and management of production. The living area shall be based on the prevailing wind direction and seasonal wind conditions in the site and be set in the upwind direction to ensure the sanitation of the living area. It is forbidden to enter the production area for the sewage in the living area. (2) Layout of chicken house: According to the order of hatching room, brooding room, reserved chicken house, breeder house, etc. The hatchery is best chosen in the upwind of the overall layout. Open chicken coops should face south or southeast for light, heat and ventilation. The distance between chicken houses should be 30 to 50 meters. (3) On-site roads: There should be less open roads in the chicken farms, and on conditional grounds, the roads that transport feeds, grasses, and feces and dead chickens can be separated to prevent cross-infection. In addition, inside and outside the chicken farm should do a good job greening, both to beautify the environment, improve the natural environment of the chicken farm, but also protect the chicken farm environment, promote safe production, improve economic efficiency, so that the chicken farm to further development. (C) Types and characteristics of chicken houses Chicken house types can be basically divided into two categories: open chicken Jiji and closed chicken houses. 1. Open chicken house (or ordinary chicken house) It is characterized by the house has windows, all or most of the natural air flow to ventilation. Generally, the rearing density is lower, and the lighting is the natural illumination by the windows. Therefore, the day and night illumination time increases or decreases with the change of the season, and the shepherding temperature also rises and falls with the change of the season. Wuji can be raised in this kind of house. The advantage of open chicken houses is that the design, building materials, construction technology and internal conditions are available, the cost is low, and the investment is small. In the case of sports grounds and feeding green materials, the requirements for feed are not very strict, and the chicken can often Activities, better adaptability, and stronger physique. The disadvantage is that the chicken's physiological condition and production performance are affected by changes in external conditions, and it is an open management. Chickens are highly likely to infect diseases through insects, birds, soil, air, etc. More. 2. Closed-type chicken house (or windowless chicken house) This kind of house has a good temperature isolation between the top cover and the four walls. Generally, there is no window, and it is not completely closed. The microclimate is manually controlled and adjusted by various facilities. As far as possible, it is most suitable for the needs of the physiological function of the chicken body, using artificial ventilation and light. The temperature, relative humidity and air content of the house are adjusted by varying the amount of ventilation and the speed of the air flow. The advantage of the closed chicken house is that it can eliminate the influence of natural external factors on the flock; artificial lighting is conducive to controlling sexual maturity and stimulation of egg production; basically, it can eliminate the natural media to avenue the disease; feed remuneration has increased; land The utilization rate is high, the number of chickens per unit area is large, and the labor efficiency is also high. The disadvantages are the high construction standards and equipment conditions, the high requirements for flock management, the need to feed full-rate feeds, and the extremely strict measures for disinfection and epidemic prevention. In case of power outages, it will have a serious impact on production. (4) Chicken-raising equipment and equipment have a close relationship with daily feeding and management, quantity and quality of products, safety production, labor efficiency, investment and production costs. Therefore, in order to facilitate chicken production and facilitate management, all kinds of chicken-raising equipment should meet the following basic requirements: lightweight and flexible, small size, easy to move, smooth rotation, no noise, slight noise, easy adjustment, easy operation, simple structure Easy to repair; save energy, safe, reliable, easy to sterilize, economical and durable. The commonly used chicken-raising equipment includes: feed processing machinery, hatching equipment, brooding insulation equipment, feeding utensils, drinking fountains, chicken cages, egg boxes, ventilation equipment, and transportation tools. 1. Feed processing machinery is a mechanical device used to process feeds and formulate diets. There are feed mills, feed mixers and balers. 2. Incubation equipment is the mechanical equipment for hatching and hatching eggs. Equipment performance directly affects hatching rate and chick quality. Mainly include: incubators, hatchers, egg filters, etc. 3. Brooding insulation equipment mainly includes electric insulation umbrella, incubator, infrared light, coal stove and exhaust pipe. 4. Feeding equipment mainly includes feeding troughs (plastic, wood), chain feeders, feeding buckets (plastic, metal) and so on. 5. Drinking fountains include sinks (made of iron or plastic), vacuum drinkers, bell-shaped drinking fountains, nipple drinkers, and water basins. Most of them are made of plastic, and can also be made from bamboo on the spot. 6. Chicken cages include brooding cages, fattening cages, breeding cages, and laying cages. Most of them are made of galvanized lead wire, and some professional households use bamboo, which is low in cost, low in investment, and economical and durable. 7. Egg laying box should be set when laying eggs. The size, placement, and number of nests have an impact on the quality of the laying and laying eggs of the chicken. The laying box is placed in a dark place, with no more than 50 cm in the same degree, with a springboard in front of the box. For individual chickens with breeding records, egg production is measured using self-closing egg boxes, which can be made of wood, fiberboard, or 8 wire. 8. Ventilation and ventilation facilities include exhaust fans and ventilation fans. In addition, the chicken-raising equipment also has a cutting device, an air-conditioning device for storing eggs, a tank-type feed carrier for transporting feed, and the like.
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