I. Peanut's Growth and Birth Period Peanut's growth period refers to the number of days from the emergence of peanuts to the maturity of pods. During the whole growth process of peanut, it can be divided into five growth periods: seed germination, seedling stage, flowering down needle stage, ending stage, and fruit ripening stage.
Second, the growth and development of peanut Peanut leguminous is an annual herb. There are many varieties of peanuts, which are divided into the growth period, with early maturing (100 days or less), late maturing (160 days or more), and medium maturing (130-160 days); More than 80 grams of kernel weight); medium grain type (50-80 grams of kernel weight); small peanuts (50 grams or less); according to the characteristics and economic characteristics of peanuts can be divided into ordinary type, pearl type , Multi-grained, Longsheng-type four types.
(A) Seed germination and emergence Peanut seed shape, color, size, etc. are important basis for identification of varieties. Peanut seeds consist of seed coat and embryo. Seed coats mainly play a protective role. Embryos include embryos, hypocotyls, radicles, and cotyledons. The germ is located between the two cotyledons and consists of the main bud and lateral buds. After the main bud develops into the main stem, the lateral bud develops into the first pair of lateral branches. The lower end of the germ is a thick embryonic axis and prominent radicles. In the mature seeds, the main stem has two young compound leaves, and there are still 3-4 small compound leaves or leaf primordium inside; 2 shoots or 1 lupia leaves and l true leaves are visible on the lateral buds. There are also 2-3 leaf primordiums, and there have been one or two secondary bud primordia in their leafhoppers. Therefore, the peanut seed is actually a young plant that has a fairly complete differentiation. After the peanut seeds have matured, the most suitable germination conditions do not normally germinate. This property is called dormancy. The time required for seed dormancy is called the dormancy period (starting from the ripening date of peanut until it can germinate). The seeds of different varieties have large differences in dormancy period. Generally, the dormancy period of pearl-pea and multi-grain varieties is short. If the soil moisture is high and the temperature is high before the seeds are harvested, some can germinate in the soil. Ordinary and dragon-type varieties, dormancy longer. Seed drying before seeding, seed warming treatment and breaking seed dormancy with ethephon have a good effect on accelerating enzyme activity and early seed germination. Seed germination and emergence process: Fully developed seeds, after completing a certain period of dormancy, under suitable conditions, can germinate and emerge. When germinating, the radicle first breaks through the seed coat and grows rapidly underground. When it grows to about 1 cm, the embryonic axis rapidly differentiates and extends to the ground, pushing the cotyledon and hypocotyl to the surface. When the cotyledon top breaks through the soil and sees light, the hypocotyl stops elongating, and the embryo rapidly grows out of the first true leaf when it emerges. Spring sowing peanuts from the seed germination to emergence, early varieties require about 10-15 days; medium-maturing varieties take about 15-20 days. Peanut germination requires higher temperatures. The minimum temperature of seed germination was 12 °C for peanut-pea and multi-grain early-maturing peanuts, and 15 °C for ordinary peanuts. The optimum temperature for germination is as early as 23 °C for small peanuts and 26-30 °C for large peanuts. If the temperature is too low, the seeds cannot germinate and often cause rotting; if the temperature is too high (above 40°C), the radicle development will be hindered and the germination rate will decrease. It takes about 200-300°C to accumulate peanuts from sowing to emergence. Under normal circumstances, the amount of water absorbed by seeds is 40% to 60% of its own weight to germinate, and it takes 4 times the weight of seed to produce water. The optimum soil water holding capacity of seedlings is 50%-60%, and below 40% or above 70% will affect the normal germination and emergence of seedlings.
(b) Growth of roots, stems, branches and leaves
1. Root Growth and Nodule Formation The roots of peanuts consist of main roots, lateral roots, and many secondary fine roots. After the seeds germinate, the radicles quickly grow into deep roots and become the main roots. The main root grows out of four lateral roots, showing a clear cross arrangement, and many secondary fine roots on the lateral roots, forming a powerful conical root system. The root depth of the main root can reach more than 1 meter, or even 2 meters, but the main root groups are distributed in the 10-30 cm soil layer. The lateral distribution of the root can reach more than 60 cm. The roots of peanuts have nodules. After five true leaves have been grown on the main stem of the seedlings, the roots gradually form nodules. In the initial period of nodule formation, the nitrogen fixation capacity was relatively weak. As the plants grew, the nitrogen fixation capacity gradually increased, and the nitrogen fixation capacity was the strongest during the flowering peak period, which was the period when most of the peanut nitrogen was supplied. Four quarters of the nitrogen needed for peanuts is supplied by root nodules.
2. After growth of the main stem and branches of the growing peanut seedlings, the top buds grow into the main stems. The main stem of the peanut stands upright, usually with 15-25 internodes and a height of 15-75 cm. In the flower production area, the height of the main stem is used as a simple indicator to measure individual development status and population size of peanuts. The height of the main stem is moderate to 40-50 cm; over 60 cm indicates excessive growth, the group is too large, and lodging is easy; less than 30 cm is the performance of poor growth and weak growth. In recent years, high-yield fields with a yield of about 350 kilograms per mu have a main stem height of 40 cm or more, and some are 50-60 cm. Peanuts are many branches of crops. The branch that grows on the main stem is usually called the first branch, the branch that grows on the first branch is called the second branch, and so on. The first branch and the second branch of the first branch are due to the growth on the leaf nodes, which is called the first pair of lateral branches, and the above branches are alternate. Because the third and fourth lateral branching nodes are very short and seem to be opposite, it is customarily called the second pair of lateral branches. When four side branches emerge from the main stem, they are called the group of trees. The first and second pairs of collaterals are the main parts of flowering and scarring of peanuts, accounting for 70% to 90% of the total number of scabs. Therefore, their development will have a great impact on the yield. As the peanut flowering and scarring are mainly concentrated on the first and second pair of lateral branches and their branches, the excessive branching, especially the late branching, has little practical significance in production. At present, some common types of clustered peanut high-yielding plots in Shandong Province are generally between 200,000 and 300,000 per acre; Xuzhou, a medium-sized variety, is between 68 and 4; the total number of skills per mu is about 10 to 190,000; 9 branches per plant about.
3. The leaves of growing peanuts can be divided into incompletely transformed leaves and complete leaves (true leaves). The leaves that are planted on the first or first or second section of each branch are incompletely metamorphic, and are referred to as "dynasty leaf" or "scale leaf." Each section of the inflorescence has a long, peach-shaped lobe, and each flower has a bifurcated lobe on its stem. When the true leaves of the peanut are feathered, they are divided into three parts: leaf blade, petiole, and stipules. The lobule in the middle of the main stem on the same plant has the inherent shape of the variety and can be used as a basis for identifying the type of peanut. The leaf pillow is affected by the light intensity, and the bulge pressure changes, so that the relative four leaflets close at night or on cloudy days, and the next morning or sunny day again reopens. This phenomenon is called night or sleep movement. Different types of peanuts have significant differences in leaf color. In the same variety, the depth of leaf color often changes due to changes in external conditions and internal nutritional status. Therefore, changes in leaf color of peanuts can be used as indicators for the diagnosis of water, fertilizer, and internal nutritional status of plants. The main stem of spring sowing peanuts can produce more than 20 true leaves. Peanut true leaf growth process: After the seedlings are unearthed, two true leaves are unfolded first. When the third true leaf of the main stem is unfolded, a leaf on the first pair of side branches is unfolded at the same time. After each main leaf has one long leaf, the first The side branches also grow one leaf at the same time. After the blades are deployed, they basically stop stretching.
4. Roots, stems and leaves growth and the relationship between environmental conditions Peanut root growth requires soil conditions, loose soil, suitable humidity. Sandy loam, loose soil, good ventilation, is conducive to root development and nodule formation. The soil water content is 50% to 60% of the maximum water holding capacity. If it is less than 40%, the root growth is slow, the nodule formation is small, and even no root nodule, stem and leaf growth is also inhibited; if the water holding capacity reaches 80%, not only the root system The shallow distribution reduces the ability of the plants to resist drought, and can easily cause leggy on the ground. In addition to the requirements for proper nutrient and moisture conditions, stem and leaf growth requires higher temperatures and sufficient light. When the temperature exceeds 31°C or less than 15°C, the growth of peanut leaves will basically stop, the temperature will drop below 23°C, the growth will be slow, and the temperature will grow fastest around 26°C. In addition, under weak light conditions, the main stem of the peanut has long internodes and less branches; good light conditions can make the plants grow robustly, have compact internodes, and have many branches.
(C) Flower bud differentiation When the lateral branches of peanut seedlings grow 2-4 true leaves, flower buds begin to differentiate. Cluster stage is a period when a large number of flower buds differentiate. At this time, the differentiated flower buds are mostly effective flowers that can form a full pod. A flower bud differentiation from the beginning to flowering, generally takes 20-30 days, multi-grain type and pearl-pea peanut shorter, common-type flowers grow. Peanut flower bud differentiation process can be divided into the following periods in the case of pearl bean type: flower bud differentiation period (25 days before flowering); flower bud differentiation period (20 days before flowering); stamen, carpel, petal differentiation period (before flowering 15 days); ovule, anther differentiation period (10 days before flowering); flower enlargement period (7-10 days before flowering); flowering maturity (l-3 days before flowering). Peanut bud differentiation is closely related to environmental conditions. Adequate supply of nitrogen, suitable soil moisture (maintaining about 60% of the maximum soil water holding capacity) and adequate light are conducive to flower bud differentiation, which lays a good foundation for early flowering and multiple flowering. On the contrary, flower bud differentiation will be severely inhibited, and flowering time will be delayed. , Decrease in flowering.
(d) Flowering and lowering needles
1. The morphological structure of the flower The flowers of the peanut are bisexual flowers, racemes, inserted on the pedicel between the main stem or lateral branch. Each inflorescence can generally open 2-7 flowers, more than open to 15 or more. The entire flower is divided into five parts: sepals, calyx, corolla, stamen, and pistil.
2. Flowering and fertilization Peanut buds are enlarged before flowering. Usually in the evening before flowering, sepals are split and yellow petals are exposed. At night, calyx is rapidly elongated. It can reach as long as 3–6 cm until flowering the next morning. The flowers are mostly open at 5-7 in the morning. L 15 hours before flowering, the anthers cracked loose powder and pollinated. After fertilization, it can be fully fertilized after about 12 hours. After flowering and fertilization, the corolla wilted in the afternoon. The order of flowering of peanuts is generally from bottom to top, from inside to outside, around or at the same time opening. However, in the event of a long drought, the flowering order was abnormal. The flowering type of peanuts can be divided into two types according to the conditions of the inflorescences on the first branch. One is the continuous flowering type, ie, the main stems are flowering, and the lateral branches can be flowered regardless of whether they are re-branched or not. The other type is alternating flowering type, generally the main stem does not bloom, the first and second branches of lateral branches, the third and fourth quarters of flowering, the fifth and sixth quarters of re-branching, the seventh and eighth sections of flowering, branching and Inflorescences appear alternately. Common large peanuts "Penglai a litter of monkeys" are such. Peanuts have a long flowering period and a large amount of flowers. In general field production, the number of flowers per plant is between 50 and 200 flowers. Flowering early maturing species spend 60-70 days from beginning to end, and 90-120 days later. During the whole flowering period, the most flowering period is full flowering period. The continuous flowering varieties reach the flowering stage 10 days after flowering; the alternating flowering varieties reach flowering stage 20-30 days after flowering. Although the flowering amount of peanuts is large, the flowering amount in the effective flowering period only accounts for about 60% of the total flowering amount. Regardless of the type of peanut flower, the flowering amount of the two pairs of lateral branches of the basal species accounted for 80% to 90% of the total flowers.
(E) After elongation of the fruit needle and flowering and fertilization of human soil peanuts, some of the germinal cells of the ovary stems are rapidly divided to form ovary handles. The ovary is apical at the ovary handle, and its tip is acicular, so the ovary and ovary handle are collectively referred to as fruit needles. The needles grow naturally, the tip of the epidermis cells are lignified and the ovary is protected. The needles begin to stretch slowly, and then gradually accelerate. The fruit needles at the base of the plant will last for about 4 to 6 days and the soil at the high nodes will take about 10 days. After 10 cm of elongation, the elongation of the needle slows down, and the ability to enter the earth decreases, often stopping the growth for a long period of time. The flowering of the base of the plant is early, and it is close to the ground. Most of the fruit can have strong soil; the flowers on the upper part of the plant are blossoming late and far away from the ground. The fruit can not always be soil, even if the soil is often late for soil and the temperature is low. Ovary development, can not form a capsule. Under normal circumstances, the needle rate of peanuts (accounting for the number of flowers) is 30% to 70%, and the reason for the low rate of needle formation is complicated. One is incomplete flower, no fertilization; the second is too high or too low temperature when flowering; Third, when the relative humidity of the air is lower than 50%, it seriously affects the needle rate. The depth of penetration of fruit needles varies depending on the species type and habitat. Pearl beans and multi-grain peanuts, fruit needles into the earth about 2-4 cm; ordinary peanuts deeper, about 4-7 cm; dragon-type peanuts, fruit needles deeper.
(6) Peanut flowering and environmental conditions The relationship between peanut flowering and water conditions is relatively high and the reaction is also the most sensitive. In a soil layer of 5 to 15 cm, it is advisable to use 60% to 70% of the soil water holding capacity. When the soil water content is less than 50%, the number of flowering is significantly reduced, and even the flowering is interrupted; when the soil moisture reaches 80%, the stems and leaves will be elongated and the flowering will be reduced. Needles into the soil need moist air and loose soil, drought often cause the fruit needle can not be human soil, forming a large number of no effect needle. Peanut flowering needs a lot of mineral nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen can effectively promote flowering. Phosphorus can increase effective flowering in the early stage and prevent premature aging of plants. Peanut flowering has a higher temperature requirement for the lower needle period, and the daily average temperature is 25-26 °C. Below 22°C or above 30°C, flowering numbers decreased significantly, and flowers blossomed unevenly. If the temperature suddenly drops to about 12°C, flower development and fertilization will be seriously affected. A large number of flowers that were opened after mid-August in Tianjin could not be developed due to the decrease in temperature; even if the needles were dropped, they could not be achieved. Therefore, it is of great significance to promote the peanuts to enter the flowering stage as soon as possible on the cultivation, which will increase the rate of achievement. Peanut flowering with sufficient light is an important condition for guaranteeing early flowering, flowering and flowering. In case of rain and light, the growth of plants is thin and the number of flowers will be significantly reduced. Appropriately shortening the light promotes flowering and enables early flowering, full flowering, and final flowering.
(7) After the development and maturity of the capsule, the ovary begins to develop and form a capsule. From the beginning of ovary enlargement to the ripening of pods, the whole process can be roughly divided into two stages, namely, the expansion stage and the enrichment stage of pods. The previous stage mainly showed a dramatic increase in the volume of capsules. After acupuncture, the fruit of the acupuncturist is about 10 days old and becomes a chicken-like young fruit. Within 10 to 20 days, the volume of the pods grows fastest. Within about 20-30 days after the person's soil, the volume of pods grows to the maximum. However, at this time, the water content of the pods is high, and the weight of dry matter is not increased quickly. The pods contain mainly soluble sugars, few oils, low degree of lignification of the fruit shells, and smooth white pods. The main characteristic of the latter stage is that the pods (mainly the weight of the seed) are rapidly growing, the sugar content is reduced, and the oil content is significantly increased. The dry weight of the fruit needle after 50-6O days or 60-70 days after entering the soil is close to a stop. During this period, the shell became thicker and harder, the seed coat became thinner, and the varietal color appeared. At the same time as the development of the pods, embryonic differentiation was completed. The requirements of environmental conditions for fruit development: ground flowering, underground fruiting, which is the main characteristic of peanuts different from other crops. The development of peanut fruit nectar requires environmental conditions such as moisture, darkness, oxygen, nutrients, and mechanical stimuli. Wetness is one of the basic conditions for the development of pods. The lack of water causes the ovary to shrink and stop growing. If there is too much water or waterlogging, it will also inhibit the development of pods, resulting in less fruit, less fruit, and more fruit rot. The soil moisture required for fruit development should be 50% to 60% of the maximum soil water content. Darkness and mechanical stimuli are indispensable conditions for the development of pods. Peanut fruit needles will not swell and firm no matter how much they elongate if they are left unconnected to allow them to enter the soil. Mechanical stimulation of the soil has a certain influence on the development of pods. Appropriate temperature and sufficient air are also important conditions for the development of pods. When the fruit development, the lowest temperature of the resulting soil layer is 15-17°C, the maximum temperature is 37-39°C, and the suitable temperature is 25-33°C. Well ventilated soil is conducive to the development of pods. The development of pods can reach large and full, which is closely related to the soil nutrient status in the result layer. Therefore, the mineral nutrients in the soil of the result layer, especially phosphorus and calcium, have a good effect on promoting the enlargement and fullness of the pod.
Second, the growth and development of peanut Peanut leguminous is an annual herb. There are many varieties of peanuts, which are divided into the growth period, with early maturing (100 days or less), late maturing (160 days or more), and medium maturing (130-160 days); More than 80 grams of kernel weight); medium grain type (50-80 grams of kernel weight); small peanuts (50 grams or less); according to the characteristics and economic characteristics of peanuts can be divided into ordinary type, pearl type , Multi-grained, Longsheng-type four types.
(A) Seed germination and emergence Peanut seed shape, color, size, etc. are important basis for identification of varieties. Peanut seeds consist of seed coat and embryo. Seed coats mainly play a protective role. Embryos include embryos, hypocotyls, radicles, and cotyledons. The germ is located between the two cotyledons and consists of the main bud and lateral buds. After the main bud develops into the main stem, the lateral bud develops into the first pair of lateral branches. The lower end of the germ is a thick embryonic axis and prominent radicles. In the mature seeds, the main stem has two young compound leaves, and there are still 3-4 small compound leaves or leaf primordium inside; 2 shoots or 1 lupia leaves and l true leaves are visible on the lateral buds. There are also 2-3 leaf primordiums, and there have been one or two secondary bud primordia in their leafhoppers. Therefore, the peanut seed is actually a young plant that has a fairly complete differentiation. After the peanut seeds have matured, the most suitable germination conditions do not normally germinate. This property is called dormancy. The time required for seed dormancy is called the dormancy period (starting from the ripening date of peanut until it can germinate). The seeds of different varieties have large differences in dormancy period. Generally, the dormancy period of pearl-pea and multi-grain varieties is short. If the soil moisture is high and the temperature is high before the seeds are harvested, some can germinate in the soil. Ordinary and dragon-type varieties, dormancy longer. Seed drying before seeding, seed warming treatment and breaking seed dormancy with ethephon have a good effect on accelerating enzyme activity and early seed germination. Seed germination and emergence process: Fully developed seeds, after completing a certain period of dormancy, under suitable conditions, can germinate and emerge. When germinating, the radicle first breaks through the seed coat and grows rapidly underground. When it grows to about 1 cm, the embryonic axis rapidly differentiates and extends to the ground, pushing the cotyledon and hypocotyl to the surface. When the cotyledon top breaks through the soil and sees light, the hypocotyl stops elongating, and the embryo rapidly grows out of the first true leaf when it emerges. Spring sowing peanuts from the seed germination to emergence, early varieties require about 10-15 days; medium-maturing varieties take about 15-20 days. Peanut germination requires higher temperatures. The minimum temperature of seed germination was 12 °C for peanut-pea and multi-grain early-maturing peanuts, and 15 °C for ordinary peanuts. The optimum temperature for germination is as early as 23 °C for small peanuts and 26-30 °C for large peanuts. If the temperature is too low, the seeds cannot germinate and often cause rotting; if the temperature is too high (above 40°C), the radicle development will be hindered and the germination rate will decrease. It takes about 200-300°C to accumulate peanuts from sowing to emergence. Under normal circumstances, the amount of water absorbed by seeds is 40% to 60% of its own weight to germinate, and it takes 4 times the weight of seed to produce water. The optimum soil water holding capacity of seedlings is 50%-60%, and below 40% or above 70% will affect the normal germination and emergence of seedlings.
(b) Growth of roots, stems, branches and leaves
1. Root Growth and Nodule Formation The roots of peanuts consist of main roots, lateral roots, and many secondary fine roots. After the seeds germinate, the radicles quickly grow into deep roots and become the main roots. The main root grows out of four lateral roots, showing a clear cross arrangement, and many secondary fine roots on the lateral roots, forming a powerful conical root system. The root depth of the main root can reach more than 1 meter, or even 2 meters, but the main root groups are distributed in the 10-30 cm soil layer. The lateral distribution of the root can reach more than 60 cm. The roots of peanuts have nodules. After five true leaves have been grown on the main stem of the seedlings, the roots gradually form nodules. In the initial period of nodule formation, the nitrogen fixation capacity was relatively weak. As the plants grew, the nitrogen fixation capacity gradually increased, and the nitrogen fixation capacity was the strongest during the flowering peak period, which was the period when most of the peanut nitrogen was supplied. Four quarters of the nitrogen needed for peanuts is supplied by root nodules.
2. After growth of the main stem and branches of the growing peanut seedlings, the top buds grow into the main stems. The main stem of the peanut stands upright, usually with 15-25 internodes and a height of 15-75 cm. In the flower production area, the height of the main stem is used as a simple indicator to measure individual development status and population size of peanuts. The height of the main stem is moderate to 40-50 cm; over 60 cm indicates excessive growth, the group is too large, and lodging is easy; less than 30 cm is the performance of poor growth and weak growth. In recent years, high-yield fields with a yield of about 350 kilograms per mu have a main stem height of 40 cm or more, and some are 50-60 cm. Peanuts are many branches of crops. The branch that grows on the main stem is usually called the first branch, the branch that grows on the first branch is called the second branch, and so on. The first branch and the second branch of the first branch are due to the growth on the leaf nodes, which is called the first pair of lateral branches, and the above branches are alternate. Because the third and fourth lateral branching nodes are very short and seem to be opposite, it is customarily called the second pair of lateral branches. When four side branches emerge from the main stem, they are called the group of trees. The first and second pairs of collaterals are the main parts of flowering and scarring of peanuts, accounting for 70% to 90% of the total number of scabs. Therefore, their development will have a great impact on the yield. As the peanut flowering and scarring are mainly concentrated on the first and second pair of lateral branches and their branches, the excessive branching, especially the late branching, has little practical significance in production. At present, some common types of clustered peanut high-yielding plots in Shandong Province are generally between 200,000 and 300,000 per acre; Xuzhou, a medium-sized variety, is between 68 and 4; the total number of skills per mu is about 10 to 190,000; 9 branches per plant about.
3. The leaves of growing peanuts can be divided into incompletely transformed leaves and complete leaves (true leaves). The leaves that are planted on the first or first or second section of each branch are incompletely metamorphic, and are referred to as "dynasty leaf" or "scale leaf." Each section of the inflorescence has a long, peach-shaped lobe, and each flower has a bifurcated lobe on its stem. When the true leaves of the peanut are feathered, they are divided into three parts: leaf blade, petiole, and stipules. The lobule in the middle of the main stem on the same plant has the inherent shape of the variety and can be used as a basis for identifying the type of peanut. The leaf pillow is affected by the light intensity, and the bulge pressure changes, so that the relative four leaflets close at night or on cloudy days, and the next morning or sunny day again reopens. This phenomenon is called night or sleep movement. Different types of peanuts have significant differences in leaf color. In the same variety, the depth of leaf color often changes due to changes in external conditions and internal nutritional status. Therefore, changes in leaf color of peanuts can be used as indicators for the diagnosis of water, fertilizer, and internal nutritional status of plants. The main stem of spring sowing peanuts can produce more than 20 true leaves. Peanut true leaf growth process: After the seedlings are unearthed, two true leaves are unfolded first. When the third true leaf of the main stem is unfolded, a leaf on the first pair of side branches is unfolded at the same time. After each main leaf has one long leaf, the first The side branches also grow one leaf at the same time. After the blades are deployed, they basically stop stretching.
4. Roots, stems and leaves growth and the relationship between environmental conditions Peanut root growth requires soil conditions, loose soil, suitable humidity. Sandy loam, loose soil, good ventilation, is conducive to root development and nodule formation. The soil water content is 50% to 60% of the maximum water holding capacity. If it is less than 40%, the root growth is slow, the nodule formation is small, and even no root nodule, stem and leaf growth is also inhibited; if the water holding capacity reaches 80%, not only the root system The shallow distribution reduces the ability of the plants to resist drought, and can easily cause leggy on the ground. In addition to the requirements for proper nutrient and moisture conditions, stem and leaf growth requires higher temperatures and sufficient light. When the temperature exceeds 31°C or less than 15°C, the growth of peanut leaves will basically stop, the temperature will drop below 23°C, the growth will be slow, and the temperature will grow fastest around 26°C. In addition, under weak light conditions, the main stem of the peanut has long internodes and less branches; good light conditions can make the plants grow robustly, have compact internodes, and have many branches.
(C) Flower bud differentiation When the lateral branches of peanut seedlings grow 2-4 true leaves, flower buds begin to differentiate. Cluster stage is a period when a large number of flower buds differentiate. At this time, the differentiated flower buds are mostly effective flowers that can form a full pod. A flower bud differentiation from the beginning to flowering, generally takes 20-30 days, multi-grain type and pearl-pea peanut shorter, common-type flowers grow. Peanut flower bud differentiation process can be divided into the following periods in the case of pearl bean type: flower bud differentiation period (25 days before flowering); flower bud differentiation period (20 days before flowering); stamen, carpel, petal differentiation period (before flowering 15 days); ovule, anther differentiation period (10 days before flowering); flower enlargement period (7-10 days before flowering); flowering maturity (l-3 days before flowering). Peanut bud differentiation is closely related to environmental conditions. Adequate supply of nitrogen, suitable soil moisture (maintaining about 60% of the maximum soil water holding capacity) and adequate light are conducive to flower bud differentiation, which lays a good foundation for early flowering and multiple flowering. On the contrary, flower bud differentiation will be severely inhibited, and flowering time will be delayed. , Decrease in flowering.
(d) Flowering and lowering needles
1. The morphological structure of the flower The flowers of the peanut are bisexual flowers, racemes, inserted on the pedicel between the main stem or lateral branch. Each inflorescence can generally open 2-7 flowers, more than open to 15 or more. The entire flower is divided into five parts: sepals, calyx, corolla, stamen, and pistil.
2. Flowering and fertilization Peanut buds are enlarged before flowering. Usually in the evening before flowering, sepals are split and yellow petals are exposed. At night, calyx is rapidly elongated. It can reach as long as 3–6 cm until flowering the next morning. The flowers are mostly open at 5-7 in the morning. L 15 hours before flowering, the anthers cracked loose powder and pollinated. After fertilization, it can be fully fertilized after about 12 hours. After flowering and fertilization, the corolla wilted in the afternoon. The order of flowering of peanuts is generally from bottom to top, from inside to outside, around or at the same time opening. However, in the event of a long drought, the flowering order was abnormal. The flowering type of peanuts can be divided into two types according to the conditions of the inflorescences on the first branch. One is the continuous flowering type, ie, the main stems are flowering, and the lateral branches can be flowered regardless of whether they are re-branched or not. The other type is alternating flowering type, generally the main stem does not bloom, the first and second branches of lateral branches, the third and fourth quarters of flowering, the fifth and sixth quarters of re-branching, the seventh and eighth sections of flowering, branching and Inflorescences appear alternately. Common large peanuts "Penglai a litter of monkeys" are such. Peanuts have a long flowering period and a large amount of flowers. In general field production, the number of flowers per plant is between 50 and 200 flowers. Flowering early maturing species spend 60-70 days from beginning to end, and 90-120 days later. During the whole flowering period, the most flowering period is full flowering period. The continuous flowering varieties reach the flowering stage 10 days after flowering; the alternating flowering varieties reach flowering stage 20-30 days after flowering. Although the flowering amount of peanuts is large, the flowering amount in the effective flowering period only accounts for about 60% of the total flowering amount. Regardless of the type of peanut flower, the flowering amount of the two pairs of lateral branches of the basal species accounted for 80% to 90% of the total flowers.
(E) After elongation of the fruit needle and flowering and fertilization of human soil peanuts, some of the germinal cells of the ovary stems are rapidly divided to form ovary handles. The ovary is apical at the ovary handle, and its tip is acicular, so the ovary and ovary handle are collectively referred to as fruit needles. The needles grow naturally, the tip of the epidermis cells are lignified and the ovary is protected. The needles begin to stretch slowly, and then gradually accelerate. The fruit needles at the base of the plant will last for about 4 to 6 days and the soil at the high nodes will take about 10 days. After 10 cm of elongation, the elongation of the needle slows down, and the ability to enter the earth decreases, often stopping the growth for a long period of time. The flowering of the base of the plant is early, and it is close to the ground. Most of the fruit can have strong soil; the flowers on the upper part of the plant are blossoming late and far away from the ground. The fruit can not always be soil, even if the soil is often late for soil and the temperature is low. Ovary development, can not form a capsule. Under normal circumstances, the needle rate of peanuts (accounting for the number of flowers) is 30% to 70%, and the reason for the low rate of needle formation is complicated. One is incomplete flower, no fertilization; the second is too high or too low temperature when flowering; Third, when the relative humidity of the air is lower than 50%, it seriously affects the needle rate. The depth of penetration of fruit needles varies depending on the species type and habitat. Pearl beans and multi-grain peanuts, fruit needles into the earth about 2-4 cm; ordinary peanuts deeper, about 4-7 cm; dragon-type peanuts, fruit needles deeper.
(6) Peanut flowering and environmental conditions The relationship between peanut flowering and water conditions is relatively high and the reaction is also the most sensitive. In a soil layer of 5 to 15 cm, it is advisable to use 60% to 70% of the soil water holding capacity. When the soil water content is less than 50%, the number of flowering is significantly reduced, and even the flowering is interrupted; when the soil moisture reaches 80%, the stems and leaves will be elongated and the flowering will be reduced. Needles into the soil need moist air and loose soil, drought often cause the fruit needle can not be human soil, forming a large number of no effect needle. Peanut flowering needs a lot of mineral nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen can effectively promote flowering. Phosphorus can increase effective flowering in the early stage and prevent premature aging of plants. Peanut flowering has a higher temperature requirement for the lower needle period, and the daily average temperature is 25-26 °C. Below 22°C or above 30°C, flowering numbers decreased significantly, and flowers blossomed unevenly. If the temperature suddenly drops to about 12°C, flower development and fertilization will be seriously affected. A large number of flowers that were opened after mid-August in Tianjin could not be developed due to the decrease in temperature; even if the needles were dropped, they could not be achieved. Therefore, it is of great significance to promote the peanuts to enter the flowering stage as soon as possible on the cultivation, which will increase the rate of achievement. Peanut flowering with sufficient light is an important condition for guaranteeing early flowering, flowering and flowering. In case of rain and light, the growth of plants is thin and the number of flowers will be significantly reduced. Appropriately shortening the light promotes flowering and enables early flowering, full flowering, and final flowering.
(7) After the development and maturity of the capsule, the ovary begins to develop and form a capsule. From the beginning of ovary enlargement to the ripening of pods, the whole process can be roughly divided into two stages, namely, the expansion stage and the enrichment stage of pods. The previous stage mainly showed a dramatic increase in the volume of capsules. After acupuncture, the fruit of the acupuncturist is about 10 days old and becomes a chicken-like young fruit. Within 10 to 20 days, the volume of the pods grows fastest. Within about 20-30 days after the person's soil, the volume of pods grows to the maximum. However, at this time, the water content of the pods is high, and the weight of dry matter is not increased quickly. The pods contain mainly soluble sugars, few oils, low degree of lignification of the fruit shells, and smooth white pods. The main characteristic of the latter stage is that the pods (mainly the weight of the seed) are rapidly growing, the sugar content is reduced, and the oil content is significantly increased. The dry weight of the fruit needle after 50-6O days or 60-70 days after entering the soil is close to a stop. During this period, the shell became thicker and harder, the seed coat became thinner, and the varietal color appeared. At the same time as the development of the pods, embryonic differentiation was completed. The requirements of environmental conditions for fruit development: ground flowering, underground fruiting, which is the main characteristic of peanuts different from other crops. The development of peanut fruit nectar requires environmental conditions such as moisture, darkness, oxygen, nutrients, and mechanical stimuli. Wetness is one of the basic conditions for the development of pods. The lack of water causes the ovary to shrink and stop growing. If there is too much water or waterlogging, it will also inhibit the development of pods, resulting in less fruit, less fruit, and more fruit rot. The soil moisture required for fruit development should be 50% to 60% of the maximum soil water content. Darkness and mechanical stimuli are indispensable conditions for the development of pods. Peanut fruit needles will not swell and firm no matter how much they elongate if they are left unconnected to allow them to enter the soil. Mechanical stimulation of the soil has a certain influence on the development of pods. Appropriate temperature and sufficient air are also important conditions for the development of pods. When the fruit development, the lowest temperature of the resulting soil layer is 15-17°C, the maximum temperature is 37-39°C, and the suitable temperature is 25-33°C. Well ventilated soil is conducive to the development of pods. The development of pods can reach large and full, which is closely related to the soil nutrient status in the result layer. Therefore, the mineral nutrients in the soil of the result layer, especially phosphorus and calcium, have a good effect on promoting the enlargement and fullness of the pod.
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