Whether or not the immune program is scientific and reasonable is one of the decisive factors that determine the success or failure of rearing chicken farms. Therefore, it must be rigorous and prudent when formulating immunization programs. The author believes that the following factors should be considered when formulating the immunization program:
Epidemic situation Chicken farms should first consider the epidemic situation of the local epidemic when developing the immunization program. In general, the epidemic types of immunization are mainly epidemics that may be outbreaks and epidemics in the area.
Chicken antibodies Levels of antibodies found in chickens can be divided into two categories based on their origin: one is congenital, and the other is produced by acquired immunity. The level of antibodies in chickens is directly related to the immune effect. In chickens, antibodies neutralize the vaccinated vaccine. Therefore, when the antibody level in the chicken is too high or too low, the vaccine is often not effective. The immunization should be performed when the antibody level reaches the critical line.
Disease types Some diseases are pathogenic to chickens of all ages, and some diseases only harm chickens of a certain growth stage. For example, Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, chickens of all ages are susceptible, and they are reduced. Egg syndrome only threatens laying hens at the peak of egg production. Bursa disease mainly threatens young chickens. Therefore, different immunizations should be conducted at different production ages, and the immunization time should be designed one week before the onset of peak time in this field. This can reduce the number of unnecessary immunizations and can separate the immunization time of different diseases and avoid At the same time the interference caused by vaccination and immune stress.
Production needs can be divided into broilers and egg (chicken) chickens according to production needs. Both of the immunization programs are different in the same epidemic area. Egg (chicken) chickens have a long production cycle. Once an immunization is not sufficient to provide long-lasting immunity, multiple immunizations are required. Vaccine threatening egg production rate and hatching rate should also be added to the vaccine type. Egg (chicken) chickens should also ensure that hatched chicks contain high levels of maternal antibodies after immunization. Because of the shorter production cycle of broilers, the number of immunizations and vaccines is less than that of egg (chicken).
Feeding and management levels Under different feeding and management methods, the occurrence of infectious diseases and the implementation of immunization programs differed. Under advanced feeding and management methods, chicken farms are generally not vulnerable to virulent attack, and the immunization procedures are relatively thorough; under the backward feeding and management level, there are more opportunities for chickens to come into contact with various infectious diseases, and immunization programs are not necessarily It has been thoroughly implemented. At this time, the design of the immunization program should be well-considered to make the immunization program work better. In general, chicken farms with low levels of husbandry and management have more complicated immunization procedures than those with high levels of management.
Vaccine categories When designing an immunization program, reasonable immune routes and vaccine types should be considered to stimulate chicken immunity. Live vaccines are generally attenuated vaccines that can reproduce in the body and therefore provide strong and lasting immunity. However, live vaccines do not completely lose their infectivity, and some live vaccines are prone to mutations. Broilers use less virulent vaccines to prevent airsacculitis, while chickens with higher levels of laying hens or maternal antibodies can use moderately virulent vaccines. Due to the mutual interference between live vaccines, live vaccines generally do not require seedlings. It is recommended that chicken farms should use the attenuated vaccine (preferably single seedlings) provided by regular manufacturers for basic immunization, and inactivated vaccines should be used for enhanced immunization (single seedlings should be used in severely affected areas, and joint vaccines can be used in safe areas). For some diseases with large serotype variations, inactivated vaccines can be prepared with local strains for boosting.
Immunization methods Products supplied by regular vaccine manufacturers are accompanied by instructions for use. Immunization should be performed according to instructions for use. General live vaccines use water, spray, nasal drops, eye drops, and injections. Inactivated vaccines require muscle or subcutaneous injections. Proper immunization pathway can stimulate chickens to produce immunity as soon as possible. Improper immune pathways may lead to immune failure. For example, inactivated oil emulsion vaccines cannot be used for drinking or spraying. Otherwise, they may easily cause severe respiratory or gastrointestinal disorders. The same vaccine used different immune routes to obtain different immune effects, such as Newcastle disease, nasal drops, eye drops immune effect better than drinking water.
Effect of immunization After an immunization program is applied for a period of time, the effect may be deteriorated. At this time, the immunization program may be appropriately adjusted according to the immunization effect and the condition of immune surveillance.
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