Feed modulation
Appropriate comminution of grain feed is necessary, but crushed is too harmful. Adequate water admixing before feeding is beneficial, but it is unfavorable over a certain limit. Most feeds should be fed raw, and individual feeds can be beneficially cooked.
Feed fineness
The grain feeds such as corn, sorghum, barley, wheat, and rice all have a hard seed coat or a hard glume. Before mashing or pressing, the amount of energy consumed by chewing can be reduced, and it is also conducive to digestion. Crushing fineness can be divided into fine (1.8 mm to 2.6 mm diameter). Many tests and practices have proved that the fineness of corn and other comminuted grains is good, with a medium comminution of particle diameters of 1.2 mm to 1.8 mm. The pigs are refreshing, have a large feed intake, fast weight gain, and a high feed utilization rate. Maize shreds finely, causing damage to the esophagus and gastric mucosa. As in one trial, pigs fed coarse corns had 8% and 3% of pigs with erosions and ulcers of gastric mucosa. Pigs fed moderately comminuted corn had 14% and 4% of pigs with gastric mucosal erosion and ulceration. The pigs fed finely ground corn had 46% and 15% of gastric mucosal erosions and ulcers, respectively. Maize shreds finely, which also reduces pig feed intake, weight gain, and feed utilization. According to tests, pigs fed a fine-powdered compound with a particle diameter of 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm were fed with the same slaughter weight for a delay of 15 days compared to those fed a medium-fine compounded feed. According to another test, pigs eating pellets with a diameter of 1.2 mm had a daily gain of 700 to 723 grams, while pigs with a pellet diameter of 1.6 mm had a daily gain of 758 to 780 grams. The smash fineness of the grain feed can not be treated absolutely. When the grain contains more roughage, the fine crushed grains do not affect palatability and do not cause gastric ulcers. When barley and wheat are used to feed pigs, it is better to use a tablet machine to press into a flake than to crush. Green feed, root tuber, silage, and melon feed can be chopped or beaten and mixed with feed to feed pigs, reducing groove loss, reducing chewing, reducing bulk, and increasing feed intake. Sugar beets must be crushed when they are fed in large amounts, and fines are better, otherwise they can easily cause indigestion and diarrhea. Dry roughage should generally be crushed to fineness. Can reduce the size, improve palatability and increase feed intake.
Feed feed and cooked feed
The use of corn, sorghum, barley, wheat and other grain feeds will destroy vitamins and reduce the efficiency of amino acids. In the United States, the results of 26 systematic trials have been summarized. This type of feed has reduced its utilization by 10% compared to raw feed due to trough losses during cooking and the destruction of nutrients. Therefore, the grain feed and its processing by-products should be fed raw. Do not cook ripe porridge to feed pigs. Feeding not only works well, but also saves on stoves, fuel, and labor. A variety of green forages, such as pasture, green grass, leaves, carrots, beets, cabbage, radishes, melons, and aquatic plants, should be crushed and beaten to be fed. Cooking will destroy vitamins, and improper treatment will also cause nitrite. Poisoning. Potatoes, sweet potatoes and their powdered slag can be cooked and fed to significantly increase their utilization. Soybeans, beans, fried or boiled and fed have higher utilization rates than raw ones. Feeds containing harmful ingredients such as cottonseed cake, rapeseed cake, mildly deteriorating feed (containing fungus, mold), and canteen leftovers, leftovers, and drowning, cooked well and fed, can avoid or reduce the possibility of poisoning. In short, the vast majority of feedstuffs used for pig feeding should be crushed and formulated to feed whole-grain feeds. This will not only provide good feed but also reduce feed costs. The old habit of feeding raw pigs should change. With a good dry powder, no water, directly into the automatic feeding tank feeding pigs, saving labor. As long as sufficient water is guaranteed, pigs fed with powder can receive good results. The condition required for feeding dry powders is that the sire must be hard ground (cement or wood floor), otherwise the feed that is thrown out to the outside will be damaged by the groove. In order to facilitate the feeding of pigs, shorten the feeding time, and avoid feed dust in the house, the dry powder may be mixed with water in the ratio of 1:0.5 or 1:1, adjusted to semi-dry or wet powder, fed with troughs or Drain the hard ground and give it another drink. When the ratio of water to water is increased to 1:1.5~2, it will serve as a thick porridge or congee, and it will not affect the feeding effect. However, it must be fed with troughs and labor costs must be paid. Do not add too much water to the feed. When the ratio of material to water exceeds 1:2.5, the secretion of various digestive fluids will be reduced, the digestive fluid will be diluted, the activity of various digestive enzymes will be reduced, and the digestion and absorption of feed will be affected. Too much water in the diet (more than 70% to 75%) also affects the utilization of feed nitrogen and deposition of body proteins. According to experiments, when the moisture content of the diet increased to 83%, the nitrogen utilization rate decreased by 6.6%. Another trial showed that diets were mixed at a ratio of 1:1 and that 135.7 grams of protein was deposited per day. When diets were mixed with water 1:3, the body protein deposition per day decreased to 121.3 g. Therefore, the habit of farm pigs feeding thin materials should change. The ratio of water to water should be within 1:0.5~2, and the water content of the diet should be within 60%~70%. From the point of view of weight gain rate and feed utilization rate, the feed of wet-powder or semi-dry powder of hog is better than dry powder, and there is no difference in the effect on carcass quality.
Granules and powder
Most of the test results showed that the pellets fed to the pigs were better than the dry powders, and the general daily weight gain and feed utilization rate increased by 8% to 10%. However, there are also some experiments that show that the effect of feeding wet powder to pigs is no worse than that of pellets. The cost of pellets is higher than that of powdered materials. Granules in the granular material are finer than the dry powder. The particle diameter is 7 mm to 16 mm depending on the growth stage of the pig. Feeding method
Limited feeding and unlimited feeding
Limited feeding is a measure of how much food a pig eats per day. No limit to feeding, one method is to put the grain into the automatic feeding tank, letting the pig freely feed; the other method is to limit the amount of feeding, every meal to eat a little surplus. Not limited to feeding, pigs eat more, faster weight gain, but poor feed utilization, body fat. Limited feeding, unfavorable for weight gain of pigs, but higher feed utilization, the body is thinner. According to the results of trials conducted by foreign experts on 89 free-feeding and limited-feeding tests, free-feeding has 88 beneficial effects on weight gain. 13 times beneficial to feed utilization, 61 loss. Only one of the benefits of carcass quality was compromised 73 times.
As a result of these foreign trials, the diets are grain-based concentrates. The situation in China is different from that in foreign countries. Hog diets have a large proportion of dietary bran, or they are fed with more bad dregs or green roughage, and thus cannot completely replicate foreign conclusions. In the current situation of coarse diets, the unlimited amount of feeding still does not lose its application value. In the practice of hog raising, taking into account the weight gain, feed utilization and carcass fat slenderness, 60 kg of body weight should be taken before free feeding or unlimited feed. Appropriate food restriction after 60 kg body weight, or the method of controlling the amount of feed every meal, or the method of reducing the dietary energy concentration without feeding.
Feed water method
When the hog adopts a house-to-sleep mode and a large-scale intensive rearing mode, a semi-dry powder or wet powder may be sprinkled on the cement floor of the house to feed the bar. There is a sufficient water tank or an automatic drinker in the column. When fixed in a small colony, it is necessary to use a trough feed or an automatic feeding trough for free feeding, and a separate water tank or drinking fountain. Sprinkle on the ground is not suitable, because the feed is easy to mix with the urine, slot loss. Feeding on the ground must ensure sufficient feeding time. Feeding troughs should ensure that each pig has enough slots (at least 30 cm) to prevent strong food. Must ensure adequate clean drinking water.
Days of feeding
Feeding pigs several times a day depends on the pig’s age and diet composition. In the piglet stage, the gastrointestinal volume is small, the digestive power is poor, and the relative feed requirement is large. It is preferable to feed 3 times to 4 times a day. In the medium and large pig stages, the gastrointestinal volume is enlarged and the digestive power is increased, which can reduce the number of feedings.
According to many test results, if the diet is of the concentrate type, feeding 2 or 3 times a day, there is almost no difference in weight gain and feed utilization. If the diet contains more green material, dry roughage or bad residue feed, it is necessary to feed 3 times to 4 times a day, which can increase the total amount of food intake per day, which is conducive to weight gain. It is not necessary to increase the number of feedings. It not only wastes labor but also affects the rest and digestion of the pigs. The interval between feedings should be kept as even as possible, and the feeding time should be selected when the pig is appetizing. For example, when feeding twice a day in the summer, it is better to feed at 6 o'clock and 18 o'clock because the appetite of the pig is strong because the morning and evening are cooler.
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