First, organic fertilizers should be applied in conjunction with chemical fertilizers More than 90% of the organic fertilizers currently used in orchards are farmyard fertilizers. These fertilizers contain a large amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and a certain amount of intermediate elements (calcium, magnesium) and trace elements (iron, boron). (Manganese, zinc, copper, etc.) and biologically active substances not only provide full nutrition for fruit trees, promote their growth, but also have long-lasting fertilizer effects, can increase and renew soil organic matter, promote microbial reproduction, and increase soil water conservation, fertilizer retention, and fertilizer supply capacity. . However, due to the shortage of organic fertilizer, its application amount is limited. According to relevant data, only 83.1% of the apple orchards in the main apple producing areas use organic fertilizer, of which 42% of the orchards have insufficient fertilization, and the average application rate per mu is only 1,630 kg, which is far from the actual requirement of 3,000 kg. Causes the nutrients in the soil to meet the needs of producing high-grade fruit and maintaining a strong tree vigor. More importantly, fruit trees need balanced supply of nutrients. Although the nutrients in organic fertilizers are very abundant, the proportion and content of NPK cannot fully meet the fruit tree growth requirements. Especially in the process of composting and composting of organic fertilizers, the nitrogen content will further decline. If the single application of organic fertilizers meets the requirement of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium will be excessive, causing waste; if the phosphorus and potassium just meet the needs of fruit trees Nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient. Therefore, the simple application of organic fertilizer can not satisfy the demand of NPK in fruit trees at the same time, and must be combined with chemical fertilizers.
Second, it is harmful to fruit trees after application of organic fertilizer without maturity
1. Burning roots Farmyard manures are mostly derived from animal excrement and are rich in organic matter. When these organic fertilizers are not cooked, their nutrient status is slow, and they cannot be directly absorbed and utilized by the roots of fruit trees. If they are applied, in the process of subsurface decomposing, they easily cause heat to cause root burns (commonly known as “burning rootsâ€). Root rot caused.
2, nutrient release and tree fat need to be in sync with the application of organic fertilizer without composting in autumn, due to low soil temperature in autumn and winter, coupled with the soil mixed with orchards, these organic fertilizers in the ground to take longer to mature. According to the survey conducted by the author in the orchard digging soil that was applied three years ago and no organic fertilizer was applied in the following years, it was found that some of the raw manure was still in the original state. In the spring of the second year, although the ground temperature went up, the spring in northern China's main apple producing areas was generally less rainy, and the applied organic fertilizer was still slow to decompose. At this time, the tree needs a lot of nutrients to supply the flowering results of the trees. The limited organic nutrients released by slow-composting organic fertilizers simply cannot meet the needs of the tree. At the same time, the microorganisms will also consume some of the nutrients (such as nitrogen fertilizer) originally found in the root soil of the fruit trees during the decomposed process. The trees often show malnutrition. When entering the second year of summer and autumn, with the increase of rainfall, the temperature of the ground rose rapidly. In the previous year, the decomposing speed of the decomposed munbar significantly accelerated, releasing more organic nutrients that could be absorbed by the tree, resulting in trees. Accelerated body growth, a large number of strips, poor coloration of the fruit, excess nutrient growth, poor flower bud differentiation ability, so that a large number of organic nutrients are wasted, and the nutrient supply to the tree is out of balance.
3. Pests that can easily provoke underground wintering. Without composting organic fertilizers, because they contain a large amount of animal organic matter, they become ideal wintering grounds for many fruit tree pests, and they are particularly prone to infestation of all kinds of scarabs (cockroaches) and peach fruit borers of fruit trees. The size, shape and size of the catfish, caterpillars, etc. are extremely unfavorable to the pest control in the coming year.
III. Composting and Application of Organic Fertilizers When composting unprocessed organic fertilizers, the compost site should be selected in the areas of leeward, sunny, and high-dry areas. Spread the agricultural film on the compost floor or select the cement floor. The crushing of livestock manure was broken up, and the straw was crushed to 5 cm or less for rolling, and approximately 3% of superphosphate and soil were mixed and piled up. The addition of calcium superphosphate is mainly to prevent the loss of nitrogen in organic fertilizers and to increase the activity of microorganisms. After stacking, smooth the surface with a spade, cover it with mud about 10 centimeters thick, or cover it with agricultural film, tightly press around, and create an oxygen-deficient environment to make it mature as soon as possible. Farmyard manure can decompose in about 60 days. When the color of organic fertilizer changes from gray to purple and black, and the texture is loose and there is bad odor, it means that it has been decomposed and it must be applied to the orchard in time. When fully shed sheds are applied to the orchards, fertilization ditch with 30-40 cm in width and 30-40 cm in depth should be selected outside the vertical projection of the tree crown, and the organic manure and the appropriate amount of fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer) and After the topsoil is evenly mixed, it is put into the bottom of fertilization, and finally it is covered with the uncovered bottom raw soil, or the whole garden is applied, and after spreading, it is turned into the soil layer.
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