The thin orchard orchard in the dry and thin hilly area has a shallow soil layer, low fertility, low organic matter content, lack of irrigation conditions, poor root growth, low and unstable fruit trees, and poor fruit quality. For such orchards, it is necessary to strengthen the soil improvement and management, through deep turning ripening, blasting loose soil, hole storage fertilizer and water, grass cover and other measures to break the barrier layer, penetrate the lower layer, improve the rhizosphere environment, make the soil water, fertilizer, Gas and heat are more coordinated, with the growth and absorption of root system, promote the growth and development of fruit trees, and achieve the purpose of high yield. The soil management measures for early orchard orchards are summarized below.
First, deepen the mature soil. The orchards in the mountainous orchards are shallow in soil and poor in soil quality, or have impervious and breathable barriers that affect the growth and distribution of the root system. Therefore, the newly-built orchards must be combined with organic fertilizers to deepen and improve the soil structure and physical and chemical properties of the root distribution layer. Improve the degree of soil maturation and the ability to store and retain fertilizers and permeability, and increase the content of organic matter in the soil. Deep turning ripening has become one of the important technical measures for the early high yield in the mountain orchards. The specific approach is: Before and after the autumn fruit picking (from the end of August to the beginning of October), deep turning is best. In the outer edge of the planting hole excavation depth 50-60cm, 80-100cm wide ring tree ditch, expand the hole each year until the whole park deep turn. When deep plowing, pay attention to excavate large blocks of stone and open up the isolation layer; try to minimize the occurrence of rough roots with a diameter of 1 cm or more; after excavation to a certain depth, do a good job of backfilling in time, and bury some wheat bran and weeds at the bottom of the trench. After the mixture of fertilizer and soil, it is mainly applied to the depth of 20-40cm; after full irrigation, the soil and roots are closely connected, and the recovery of the root system and the decomposition of organic fertilizer are accelerated, and the fertilizer effect is exerted as soon as possible.
Second, blasting loose soil. Soil-forming parent materials are granitic and gneissic sandy soils with high underground rock mass, hard mother material, and shallow living soil layers, which seriously restricts the growth and expansion of root systems. This type of orchard uses blasting loose soil, not only The effect is obvious, and it is less than the deep-turning laborers and the benefits are high. The blasting in one year, benefiting for many years, easy to grasp and easy to popularize, is a kind of technical measure applied more frequently in sand orchard mountain land in recent years. The specific approach is: After harvesting fruit, according to the situation of terraces or rows, dig appropriate amount of 6-8cm diameter and 100cm depth blastholes between the rows or rows, and release suitable amount of explosives for blasting. Generally, each blasthole 0.3- q). 5kg of explosives should be able to loosen the earth without flying. It is advisable to use 3 to 5 shots per person each time. After the paving guns, a large block of mother rock is excavated and the mature soil and organic fertilizer are mixed and filled into the cannon pit. Broken gravel is placed on the surface, slowly pulverizing it, and leveling the ground, filling with water.
Third, the orchard cover grass. Orchard grass mulching is a major reform in soil management. It has important functions such as increasing soil organic matter content, maintaining water storage, improving soil water, fertilizer, gas, and heat conditions and improving fruit quality. The specific method of operation is: Orchard grass cover all seasons, summer (May) as well. Before covering the grass, first deepen the orchard to expand the hole, in order to prevent the temporary lack of oxygen after the grass cover, appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, after the leveling of the land, after the annual summer harvest or autumn harvest, covering the tree plate with wheat straw or straw, the best The whole park is covered with a thickness of 15-20cm. The soil is sprinkled on it to prevent fire and wind blow. When covering the grass, it is best to take care of fresh coverings after the initial rot in the rainy season. After covering the grass, many pests inhabit the grass. Attention should be paid to spraying grass on the grass and play a concentrated trapping effect. Add grass once a year to maintain coverage. Every 3 - 4 years deep-dip, generally continuous cover grass for 4 years, soil organic matter content up to 1% or more. When topdressing, you can open the grass and apply more points. Long-term coverage should pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and rodents.
Fourth, orchard film. Orchard-covered mulches are generally carried out in March-April in spring and can be covered in a straight line or only covered under a tree plate. Orchard cover film can reduce water evaporation, maintain water and soil, and increase the moisture content of the rhizosphere soil.
V. Storage of fertilizer and water. The hole storage and fertilizer method is a newly promoted water saving (70% water saving), economizing fertilizer (40% fertilizer), simple and efficient technology in mountain orchards, and is very popular among mountain fruit farmers. Its practice is: soil thawing in spring. After the vertical projection in the periphery of the crown (in the middle of March, mid-March), the ring tree was equidistantly digging 4-6 pits with a diameter of 30-40 cm and a depth of 40-50 cm; corn stalks, sorghum stalks, and wheat straw were used. Straw made of 30-35cm long, rough 15-20em grass handle, soaked in urine for a day and a night, stand by, put the bubble through the grass into the dug wells, put in the grass around the amount of people High-quality organic moon bar and a small amount of long-term compound fertilizer, and fill the practical, the grass cover the top 2-3em, sprinkled 50g urea, then watering, each hole 3-4kg, hole cover mulch, surrounded with soil compaction, so that It is in the middle of the lower four-pot high pot shape, the center opened a small hole, as a channel for watering, fertilization, usually pressed with stones, water evaporation; later depending on the weather watering, each hole 3-- 4kg, topdressing can be combined with watering, and the mulch film is replaced once a year. The grass buries the hole every 2 to 3 years to make it evenly distributed, which is beneficial to the roots. Growth. In addition, the cultivating loose soil (5-8em) after rainfall or irrigation, the “harvest garden†(10--15em) in the winter and spring seasons are the auxiliary measures for soil management in the mountainous orchards, and they play an important role in the high yield, stable yield and quality of fruit trees. Very important role.
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