Symptoms mainly affect the leaves. In the early stages of the disease, the lesions are small, watery, gradually spreading to 2-3mm, dark brown, surrounded by a wider chlorotic halo, several lesions fused into a large spot, sometimes seen on a blade dozens of Small lesions, severe leaves dry and fall off. Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Hubei and Liaoning all occurred.
Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. helianthi (Kawamura) Young et al. Pseudomonas syringae pv. Bacterial short rods, size 1.6-2.41.0-1.4 (μm), solitary or stratified, very polar, single flagellate, Gram negative. Arousal. The broth agar was colony white, round, smooth, shiny, with neat edges. Bacterial growth temperature 27-28 °C, the highest 35 °C, the lowest 12 °C, lethal temperature 52 °C.
Transmission routes and pathogenic conditions The pathogens can overwinter on seeds and sicknesses, spread by wind and rain, and irrigation water. It is easy to see the disease happen and spread after the rain.
Prevention methods (1) rotation. (2) Strengthen field management. (3) In the early stage of onset of disease, spray 14% solution ammonia-copper water solution 350 times or 30% basic copper sulfate glue suspension 400 times.
Dye intermediates, also referred to as intermediates, refer to various aromatic derivatives used in the production of dyes and organic pigments. They are derived from benzene, toluene, naphthalene, anthracene and other aromatic hydrocarbons from coal chemical and petrochemical industries through a series of organic synthesis unit processes. With the development of chemical industry, the application range of dye intermediates has been extended to pharmaceutical industry, pesticide industry, propellant and explosive industry, information recording materials industry, as well as auxiliaries, surfactants, spices, plastics, synthetic fibers and other production sectors. There are many kinds of dye intermediates, and hundreds of them are more important. The most important early dye intermediates, such as nitrobenzene, aniline, phenol, chlorobenzene and phthalic anhydride, have been developed into important basic Organic Intermediates because of their wide use and large dosage. The annual output in the world is more than one million tons. The most important dye intermediates are o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrotoluene, p-nitrotoluene, 2-naphthol, anthraquinone, 1-aminoanthraquinone and so on. Starting from the above intermediates and through a series of organic synthesis unit processes, various intermediates with complex structures can be prepared.
Dye intermediates mainly include benzene intermediates, toluene intermediates, naphthalene intermediates and anthraquinone intermediates, in addition, there are some heterocyclic intermediates. The main reaction processes of intermediate in production are nitration, sulfonation, halogenation, reduction, amination, hydrolysis, oxidation, condensation and so on. The synthesis of a complex intermediate often takes many unit processes, sometimes using different basic materials and different synthetic routes.
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