Release date: 2017-07-11
Researchers around the world are developing surgical robots to address those that are often invasive and time consuming. Whether it is eye surgery or finding venous blood collection, it can be a daunting task for medical staff, but if these operations are carried out by robots, it will be very easy, just like robot Da Vinci peeling the skin and then It's as simple as splicing them together.
The MedicalDesign website recently counted six surgical robots that are revolutionizing surgery and healthcare, including robots that easily locate veins and blood collection, and suture robots that suture soft tissue at a speed 50 times the standard suture procedure.
1, retinal surgery robot
Robert MacLaren, an ophthalmology professor at Oxford University, and Thomas Edwards, a medical researcher at Nuffield, used a remotely controlled robot to perform an eye surgery that lifts the inner retina of the eye wall to a thickness of only one-thousandth of a millimeter and a transparent retina.
The robot is a machine retina dissector (R2D2) that operates in the eye through a small hole less than 1 mm in diameter. This hole allows the R2D2 to enter and exit the eye throughout the procedure, regardless of whether the eye is turning or not.
Like a robot, the robot uses seven independent computer-controlled motors to move precisely within a thousandth of a millimeter. The ophthalmologist uses a joystick and a touch screen to control the robot and monitor the progress of the surgery through a surgical microscope.
2, cochlear implant robot
According to the University of Berne University in Switzerland, surgeons at the University School of Medicine and engineers at the ARTORG Biomedical Engineering Research Center have invented a cochlear implant robot that can perform surgical procedures that are difficult for surgeons to perform manually.
When performing cochlear implants, the surgeon usually has to establish an access point behind the ear through the skull. Then, an electrode that bridges the damaged portion of the inner ear to restore hearing enters the cochlea through the access point, all of which is done manually.
The researchers noted that surgical planning software and a robotic drill bit can be used to create a channel about 2.5 mm in diameter that allows straight access to the cochlea. The researchers said the hole was minimally invasive and left a safe distance between the facial nerve and the tympanic nerve for cochlear implantation.
By using three interlocking safety components, this robotic drill bit can be safely drilled into the human ear to avoid damage to nerves and microstructure. Stefan Weber, a member of the ARTORG Biomedical Engineering Research Center, says robots rely on multiple sensors that are high-precision optical tracking systems, a resistance sensor for "perceiving" bone texture during drilling, and a radar-like nerve stimulation probe. In this way, the robot can calculate whether the drill bit is on a predetermined orbit by emitting a small electrical pulse to the bone.
The surgeon is always aware of where the robotic drill bit is and can safely control the drill bit. Head and neck surgeon Marco Caversaccio said that our findings are very encouraging and we have now solved many of the challenges of using robots for cochlear implant surgery.
The researchers said the robot was able to perform a surgery that the surgeon could not perform without robot assistance. They hope to further develop robots for delivering drugs to the inner ear.
3, blood collection / infusion robot
The VenousPro robot developed by VascuLogic can continue to collect blood or infusion under the guidance of a doctor. This robot uses infrared and ultrasound imaging to determine the optimal position for insertion of the needle. The doctor interacts with the VenousPro robot through an intuitive touch screen interface. Through the intelligent guidance system, the needle is inserted into the target site of the vein. VenousPro robot blood collection video link: https://?v=IpdTeGPruFA
The robot is safe for both patients and doctors, with an ergonomic boom, restraint strap and tourniquet. With VenousPro's automatic needle handling, doctors no longer need to touch used needles. VenousPro robots also provide fast, smooth insertion stability to the needle without the need for needle overshoot or needle motion tremors that typically occur during tube replacement.
VascuLogic also claims that the VenousPro robot can also provide a painless experience for patients because the robot is equipped with an ultrasound-activated local anesthesia patch. For anxious patients who cannot tolerate needles, the VenousPro robot has an open device design, but the needle is hidden and invisible.
4, orthopedic surgery robot Phecda
With the help of the orthopedic surgery robot Phecda (Tianyi) developed by Beijing Tianzhihang Medical Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Tianzhihang"), the surgeons at the Beijing Jishuitan Hospital carried out the world's first assisted operation of the upper cervical spine robot.
Phecda is a fully intellectually orthopaedic surgical robot that provides precise solutions for clinical procedures. The system has a positioning accuracy of sub-millimeter and can be widely applied to the whole segment of the spine (neck, chest, waist, ankle), pelvis, limbs and other parts of the screw internal fixation. The range of indications and positioning accuracy are at the world's leading level. Especially for minimally invasive surgery, high-risk areas have obvious advantages, which can effectively reduce the risk of surgery and reduce surgical complications.
Phecda is equipped with a 3D high-definition visual recognition system that observes the internal bone structure and has a robotic arm-guided medical tool that performs surgical operations with a precision of 0.8 mm.
Phecda works through a four-step plan. First, the doctor obtains a three-dimensional image of the spine synchronized with Phecda. Secondly, the doctor selects the 2D or 3D mode according to the indication to complete the surgical planning; after that, the robot accurately moves to the planned position to ensure that the surgical path is consistent with the planned path; finally, the robot performs the operation. And monitor patient movements in real time, self-correcting.
5, soft tissue stitching robot
A new study from Johns Hopkins University shows that surgical robots can adapt to the delicate movements of soft tissue during surgery and can perform precise and consistent suturing operations.
In the course of surgery involving rigid structures such as bones, the application of machine automation is limited because these structures are more likely to remain stationary during the procedure. However, soft tissue surgery involves a more slippery tissue portion that is difficult to control, causing the surgeon to respond accordingly to maintain a tight suture.
John Leonard, a computer scientist at Johns Hopkins University, and his team have been in PR for four years and plan to develop a robotic arm that can accurately suture soft tissue.
The robot they developed was able to stitch together two tubular structures, the so-called anastomosis. Researchers claim that during the colorectal surgery, leakage along the joints accounts for almost 20% of the operation time, while in abdominal surgery it accounts for 25%-30%.
The Intelligent Tissue Autonomous Robot (STAR) is a surgical robotic system used by researchers to perform soft tissue surgery. It uses a 3D imaging system and a near-infrared sensor to detect fluorescent markers at the edge of the tissue and maintain the needle under the supervision of the surgeon. Runs on the track, but does not require any hands-on guidance.
Five surgeons performed the same procedure with open laparoscopy and robotic assist. The researchers compared the consistency of the suture interval, the pressure that caused the leak, the error that caused the needle to be removed from the tissue or restart the robot, and the time it took to complete the process.
Studies have shown that suturing robots take longer than open robotic assisted surgery, with the former taking 35-57 minutes and open robot assisted surgery being 8 minutes. But suture robots perform better than surgeons in all other respects.
At present, this suture robot system has not yet been listed, the researchers believe that the system is not to replace the surgeon, but hope to better improve the patient's prognosis and provide better surgical techniques.
6, skull surgery robot
A new study from the University of Utah shows that a computer-driven skull robot performs craniotomy 50 times faster than standard methods.
The University of Utah invented a robotic drill that produces fast, clean, and safe cuts while reducing the opening time of the incision. The robot shortened the operation time from 2 hours to 2 minutes and a half. Often, the surgeon needs to carefully drill into the skull with a hand drill, which increases the time of surgery.
University of Utah neurosurgeon Coolwell said it was like archaeology, and we had to slowly remove the bones to avoid sensitive structures. The team led by Couldwell developed the robotic drill bit and the technology used was an existing technology, but it was not used in the medical industry.
Before drilling the bone, the patient first receives a CT scan, collects bone data from the skull and locates sensitive structures such as nerves and major veins and arteries. The information obtained from the CT scan is used to program the cutting path of the drill bit. The surgeon can select the best path from a different point and can set a safety barrier in the cutting path within 1 mm of any structure. The drill bit is then removed in the same way as most bone pulverizers in a precise and fast manner. The robotic drill also has an emergency shutdown switch that allows the robot to immediately shut down if the facial nerve shows any signs of irritation.
Researchers are currently considering commercializing this robotic drill for cranial surgery.
Source: Sina Medicine (micro signal sinayiyao)
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