Genetically modified foods use molecular biology techniques to transfer the genes of certain organisms to other species and transform the genetic material of organisms so that they can change their traits, nutritional quality, and consumer quality to the goals that humans need. The food that the organisms use as direct food or raw materials for processing is genetically modified foods. Its research has a history of several decades, but the real commercialization is almost a decade. In the early 90s of last century, the first genetically modified food on the market appeared in the United States. It was a kind of fresh tomato. The research was originally successful in the UK, but the British did not dare to commercialize it, and Americans became The first one to eat crabs. Since then, genetically modified foods have been rejected. According to statistics, the United States Food and Drug Administration has identified 43 varieties of genetically modified varieties. For this sensational invention in the world, due to the asymmetry of information, people have many misunderstandings and blind spots on genetically modified foods.
I. China requires labeling, but it is not ideally executed. The system of genetically modified identification is implemented in China. The genetically modified organisms listed in the catalog of genetically modified markers and sold on the market all require identification. Allow consumers to have the right to know. However, in reality, the implementation of this law is not ideal, because many processed foods containing ingredients of genetically modified products simply do not have a clear “information.†Many papaya, soy products, corn, rapeseed, and sweet peppers on the market are genetically modified foods. , But often these food packages do not have genetically modified words. The reason is mainly because consumers are afraid to buy them after they know it. Experts believe that this information is also asymmetric, so that consumers have fear of genetically modified foods, not afraid to buy can not eat.
2. Which foods in the Chinese market are genetically modified It is reported that at present, there are two types of genetically modified foods in China, one is the transgenic crops approved by China for commercial production, including papaya, sweet peppers, tomatoes, rice and corn. As bell peppers and tomatoes are no longer produced due to obsolescence, rice and corn have not yet been produced commercially. Another situation is that China uses genetically modified agricultural products for processing imported raw materials, including soybeans, corn, and rapeseed, the most common of which is genetically modified soybean oil. Fan Zhihong, associate professor of nutrition and food safety at the Food College of China Agricultural University, said that imported soybean oil is basically a genetically modified product.
Third, tomatoes, purple potatoes are not genetically modified There are a wide variety of fruits and vegetables in the market, there are small tomatoes and cucumbers, there are big green peppers and strawberries, in addition to sweet potatoes in addition to purple potatoes, their abnormal body shape and color, There is a suspicion of genetic modification. In response, Fan Zhihong, associate professor of nutrition and food safety at the Food College of China Agricultural University, pointed out that these are not genetically modified products. “Actually, natural plants are inherently diverse in shape. The same kind of thing has large and small colors, and its colors are colorful. People only see products of one size and one color. It is only because humans have grown this variety. Saying that the various tomato varieties can be bred to produce dark reds, pinks, yellows, greens, and different colors, as well as different sizes of tomatoes, these are normal things, and the transgenes are completely free. Just like people of different nationalities and different ethnicities will marry each other, they will have the same changes in their nose height, mouth shape, color of their eyes and hair, and height of their heads, etc. In contrast, some GM products often look normal, so they say, Can not use color or size to determine whether genetically modified products."
Fourth, hybrid rice is not a genetically modified transgenic technology. As with hybrid technology, it is through the transfer of genes that breeds plants with good traits. The difference is that cross-breeding is based on the mutual exchange of genes in the same species to achieve complementary advantages in the process of hybridization. Genes are transferred in a "batch" format, and transgenic technology is highly targeted, enabling specific gene transfer across species. The high-yielding rice developed by Yuan Longping belongs to crossbreeding and is not genetically modified.
Fifth, it is not easy to be bad does not mean that the GM has netizens drying out pictures online, said he bought a pumpkin or tomato can put a week, from which to infer its preservation of the behind-the-scenes reason is "transgenic." Fan Zhihong said that it is true that "transgenic" tomatoes are not easy to mature, but it is not a matter of one week, but it will not mature at all. Because people think of ways to get rid of it to start aging mature "switch." In this way, it remains green until it is treated with external ripeners, which turns into red and becomes edible. However, there are no such products in fresh tomatoes sold on the market in China.
As a result, Fan Zhihong stated that the “shelf-life†cannot be used to infer transgenes: “Vegetables and fruits have their own preservation conditions, so long as they are stored under conditions, they can be preserved for a long time. For example, apples can be stored in cold storage for 12 months. This has nothing to do with genes, but people just think of ways to put it into a 'hibernation' state and reduce its respiration and aging process. Even if not in the cold, many fruits and vegetables can stay in the shade for more than a week. For example, summer watermelons can be kept for more than half a month before cutting, complete onions, carrots, and overripe tomatoes, etc. There is no problem in keeping a week at home."
6. Is it safer to import foods? In view of the safety issue of domestic foods, many people turn to buy imported foods. They feel more at ease. They do not realize that many foreign products are genetically modified. It is reported that the U.S. is the world’s largest producer of genetically modified foods. More than 90% of the soybean oil it produces is genetically modified, as well as rapeseed oil, potatoes, wheat, and corn, all of which are large-scale genetically modified products. At the same time, the U.S. is also the above product. Great export country.
Last year, a total of 28 countries around the world planted about 170 million hectares of genetically modified crops, of which the most cultivated are the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and India. Therefore, the more foreign products, the greater the possibility. However, relatively speaking, food in the European Union seems to be safer. The European Union has extremely strict control over genetically modified crops. In recent years, the relevant approvals have been approaching stagnation. At present, only two crops are approved for commercial planting, and another seven are still pending approval.
The United States is the world’s largest producer and consumer of genetically modified foods. Unless otherwise specified, U.S. foods contain genetically modified components by default. The U.S. genetically modified crops include genetically modified soybeans, corn, rape, and papaya.
The attitude of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for genetically modified foods is: Approved genetically modified foods are “substantially equivalent†to traditional foods in terms of nutrition and safety. If they are marked, they mislead consumers into thinking that they are different; if the manufacturers want to The statement is non-genetically modified, then it needs to be certified and the term is not misleading.
Although this is a "national level" regulation, the U.S. states have the legislative power to enforce different rules from the federal government. In 2012, there was a proposal in California that required “mandatory labeling†of foods containing genetically modified ingredients, and such foods could not be called “natural foodsâ€. This was the 37th proposal that attracted worldwide attention. This proposal “exempts†some foods such as organic products, restaurant foods, alcohol, meat, dairy products, and products used for medical treatment.
Seven, processed foods can be assured to eat it Mention genetically modified, people are usually staring at agricultural raw materials, especially fresh fruits and vegetables, but the fact is just the opposite - the genetically modified components of the Chinese market are from processed products, especially the use of United States imported raw materials processed products. For example, the fries in American fast food restaurants use mostly genetically modified potatoes; the fats they make for desserts are mostly genetically modified soybean oil or hydrogenated genetically modified soybean oil; they are used in hamburgers and hot dogs. Flour is also likely to be flour made from genetically modified wheat. Or, for example, the delicious cookies and cookies you've eaten are likely to use genetically modified oils, genetically modified flours, genetically modified corn flour, and so on. The more foreign products, the greater the possibility.
There is also a way for GM foods to enter the tens of millions of households, that is, the market for "harmonic oil" and soybean oil. Among the cheaper blending oils, there is often a large proportion of the GM soybean oil coming from the United States. Since this oil is cheaper than domestic soybean oil, it has penetrated into all restaurants and citizens' homes. Therefore, consumers must carefully look at the packaging and indicate that if they do not declare that they do not contain genetically modified ingredients, they are likely to contain them.
VIII. Does GM foods harm health? Studies over the past 20 years have confirmed that genetically modified foods are not significantly toxic to humans and have undergone rigorous safety assessment before entering the market. However, from an ecological perspective, its threat to the environment is recognized worldwide. Its harm is likely to take decades or even longer to fully manifest itself, and then there is almost no way to recover. Therefore, environmentalists all over the world are firmly opposed to the development of genetically modified foods.
But there are also proponents of genetic modification that the evolution of nature is a long-term slow process. There is also a natural process of gene exchange. Artificial transgenic technology only accelerates this slow process and is a safe gene mutation. . Moreover, compared to genetic transformation, terrible is a high-tech means in the production process, such as herbicides, insecticides, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, which have become almost indispensable elements of modern agriculture.
At present, the dispute between the two parties has not yet ended. However, from a long-term, cautious point of view, it is not a last resort, or try not to eat genetically modified foods. After all, genetically modified products are like transferring the genes of other organisms to humans. Having a certain flower gene, or a certain bacterial gene, on the body sounds too unnatural.
Genetically modified food identification method
Most of the products containing genetically-modified components listed in Greenpeace are multinational food brands. In comparison, they buy fresh-made fruits and vegetables and eat traditional grains such as millet, rhubarb rice, mung beans, and peanut oil. When tea seed oil is cooked by itself, there is almost no danger of eating genetically modified ingredients. However, if you still have doubts about whether the foods you purchase are "genetically modified", the "Genetic Blog" provides some simple and effective identification methods that will help you identify genetically modified foods.
Identification method 1. Soybean non-genetically modified soybean: It is elliptical in shape and somewhat flat. The navel is light brown. Beans vary in size. The milk soaked out is milky white genetically modified soybeans: round and round. The navel is yellow or tan. The size of beans is almost the same. The soymilk is a bit yellow, and the tofu made with this bean is a bit yellow. `
Simple test method: Transgenic soybeans do not germinate and can be tested with water. Native soybeans will germinate in water for three days, and the genetically modified soybeans will not germinate, but only the individual will expand.
From the germination test process, one can find that these genetically modified soybeans are fruits produced once, and their germs do not have the essential activity of life. Therefore, there is no ability to continue offspring. Equivalent to one person can be normal pregnancy, but each time is stillbirth, which means that the continuation of life so far. Then if humans eat large amounts of genetically modified foods for a long period of time, the genetically modified fragments that endanger humans will inevitably affect people's normal genes in a subtle way. It is reasonable to expect that the resistance of human beings will decline, and diseases and diseases will be lost. It's up.
2. Carrot Non-GM Carrots: The surface is uneven, generally not straight, from the head to the tail is from coarse to fine. And the head is protruding outwards.
Genetically modified carrots: The surface is relatively smooth, generally straight, and its tail is sometimes thicker than the middle. And the head is concave inwards.
Note: Carrots are only available in autumn and winter seasons, and summers are generally genetically modified.
3. potatoes, non-genetically modified potatoes: looks more ugly, the general color is relatively deep, pitted surface, while the skin color is irregular, after peeling, the surface will soon become darker, the skin is white.
GM potatoes: The surface is smooth, the pits are shallow and the colors are light. After peeling, the surface did not change significantly.
Test method: Peel the skin first and then see the changes before deciding not to eat.
4. Corn GM corn: sweet, crisp, plump, beautiful shape, similar to the head and tail particles.
5. The area in which rice has been legally planted in China for genetically modified rice is Hubei. Be alert to the slender, bright rice. It is easy to be confused with the "long grain incense" in the northeast. Be sure to see the country of origin when you buy it.
6. Tomato transgenic tomatoes: The color is bright and good looking, the fruit is hard, not easy to crack the fruit.
Identification method two 1. Season. In addition to greenhouse vegetables, other off-season foods are easily genetically modified.
2. Colors. The difference from the traditional is absolutely genetically modified, such as colored cotton, colored peppers.
3. Taste. The traditional corn is generally yellow corn and white corn with a slight sweet taste. However, the sweet corn that is now popular has a very high sweetness and is undoubtedly a genetically modified crop.
4. Pests. All crops that pests like to visit are genetically non-transgenic; crops that are scary or rarely pest-resistant are genetically modified.
5. Output. In the first few years, GM crops generally have higher yields than traditional crops.
This version of the picture is an advertisement designed by Moscow BBDO for Greenpeace.
I. China requires labeling, but it is not ideally executed. The system of genetically modified identification is implemented in China. The genetically modified organisms listed in the catalog of genetically modified markers and sold on the market all require identification. Allow consumers to have the right to know. However, in reality, the implementation of this law is not ideal, because many processed foods containing ingredients of genetically modified products simply do not have a clear “information.†Many papaya, soy products, corn, rapeseed, and sweet peppers on the market are genetically modified foods. , But often these food packages do not have genetically modified words. The reason is mainly because consumers are afraid to buy them after they know it. Experts believe that this information is also asymmetric, so that consumers have fear of genetically modified foods, not afraid to buy can not eat.
2. Which foods in the Chinese market are genetically modified It is reported that at present, there are two types of genetically modified foods in China, one is the transgenic crops approved by China for commercial production, including papaya, sweet peppers, tomatoes, rice and corn. As bell peppers and tomatoes are no longer produced due to obsolescence, rice and corn have not yet been produced commercially. Another situation is that China uses genetically modified agricultural products for processing imported raw materials, including soybeans, corn, and rapeseed, the most common of which is genetically modified soybean oil. Fan Zhihong, associate professor of nutrition and food safety at the Food College of China Agricultural University, said that imported soybean oil is basically a genetically modified product.
Third, tomatoes, purple potatoes are not genetically modified There are a wide variety of fruits and vegetables in the market, there are small tomatoes and cucumbers, there are big green peppers and strawberries, in addition to sweet potatoes in addition to purple potatoes, their abnormal body shape and color, There is a suspicion of genetic modification. In response, Fan Zhihong, associate professor of nutrition and food safety at the Food College of China Agricultural University, pointed out that these are not genetically modified products. “Actually, natural plants are inherently diverse in shape. The same kind of thing has large and small colors, and its colors are colorful. People only see products of one size and one color. It is only because humans have grown this variety. Saying that the various tomato varieties can be bred to produce dark reds, pinks, yellows, greens, and different colors, as well as different sizes of tomatoes, these are normal things, and the transgenes are completely free. Just like people of different nationalities and different ethnicities will marry each other, they will have the same changes in their nose height, mouth shape, color of their eyes and hair, and height of their heads, etc. In contrast, some GM products often look normal, so they say, Can not use color or size to determine whether genetically modified products."
Fourth, hybrid rice is not a genetically modified transgenic technology. As with hybrid technology, it is through the transfer of genes that breeds plants with good traits. The difference is that cross-breeding is based on the mutual exchange of genes in the same species to achieve complementary advantages in the process of hybridization. Genes are transferred in a "batch" format, and transgenic technology is highly targeted, enabling specific gene transfer across species. The high-yielding rice developed by Yuan Longping belongs to crossbreeding and is not genetically modified.
Fifth, it is not easy to be bad does not mean that the GM has netizens drying out pictures online, said he bought a pumpkin or tomato can put a week, from which to infer its preservation of the behind-the-scenes reason is "transgenic." Fan Zhihong said that it is true that "transgenic" tomatoes are not easy to mature, but it is not a matter of one week, but it will not mature at all. Because people think of ways to get rid of it to start aging mature "switch." In this way, it remains green until it is treated with external ripeners, which turns into red and becomes edible. However, there are no such products in fresh tomatoes sold on the market in China.
As a result, Fan Zhihong stated that the “shelf-life†cannot be used to infer transgenes: “Vegetables and fruits have their own preservation conditions, so long as they are stored under conditions, they can be preserved for a long time. For example, apples can be stored in cold storage for 12 months. This has nothing to do with genes, but people just think of ways to put it into a 'hibernation' state and reduce its respiration and aging process. Even if not in the cold, many fruits and vegetables can stay in the shade for more than a week. For example, summer watermelons can be kept for more than half a month before cutting, complete onions, carrots, and overripe tomatoes, etc. There is no problem in keeping a week at home."
6. Is it safer to import foods? In view of the safety issue of domestic foods, many people turn to buy imported foods. They feel more at ease. They do not realize that many foreign products are genetically modified. It is reported that the U.S. is the world’s largest producer of genetically modified foods. More than 90% of the soybean oil it produces is genetically modified, as well as rapeseed oil, potatoes, wheat, and corn, all of which are large-scale genetically modified products. At the same time, the U.S. is also the above product. Great export country.
Last year, a total of 28 countries around the world planted about 170 million hectares of genetically modified crops, of which the most cultivated are the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and India. Therefore, the more foreign products, the greater the possibility. However, relatively speaking, food in the European Union seems to be safer. The European Union has extremely strict control over genetically modified crops. In recent years, the relevant approvals have been approaching stagnation. At present, only two crops are approved for commercial planting, and another seven are still pending approval.
The United States is the world’s largest producer and consumer of genetically modified foods. Unless otherwise specified, U.S. foods contain genetically modified components by default. The U.S. genetically modified crops include genetically modified soybeans, corn, rape, and papaya.
The attitude of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for genetically modified foods is: Approved genetically modified foods are “substantially equivalent†to traditional foods in terms of nutrition and safety. If they are marked, they mislead consumers into thinking that they are different; if the manufacturers want to The statement is non-genetically modified, then it needs to be certified and the term is not misleading.
Although this is a "national level" regulation, the U.S. states have the legislative power to enforce different rules from the federal government. In 2012, there was a proposal in California that required “mandatory labeling†of foods containing genetically modified ingredients, and such foods could not be called “natural foodsâ€. This was the 37th proposal that attracted worldwide attention. This proposal “exempts†some foods such as organic products, restaurant foods, alcohol, meat, dairy products, and products used for medical treatment.
Seven, processed foods can be assured to eat it Mention genetically modified, people are usually staring at agricultural raw materials, especially fresh fruits and vegetables, but the fact is just the opposite - the genetically modified components of the Chinese market are from processed products, especially the use of United States imported raw materials processed products. For example, the fries in American fast food restaurants use mostly genetically modified potatoes; the fats they make for desserts are mostly genetically modified soybean oil or hydrogenated genetically modified soybean oil; they are used in hamburgers and hot dogs. Flour is also likely to be flour made from genetically modified wheat. Or, for example, the delicious cookies and cookies you've eaten are likely to use genetically modified oils, genetically modified flours, genetically modified corn flour, and so on. The more foreign products, the greater the possibility.
There is also a way for GM foods to enter the tens of millions of households, that is, the market for "harmonic oil" and soybean oil. Among the cheaper blending oils, there is often a large proportion of the GM soybean oil coming from the United States. Since this oil is cheaper than domestic soybean oil, it has penetrated into all restaurants and citizens' homes. Therefore, consumers must carefully look at the packaging and indicate that if they do not declare that they do not contain genetically modified ingredients, they are likely to contain them.
VIII. Does GM foods harm health? Studies over the past 20 years have confirmed that genetically modified foods are not significantly toxic to humans and have undergone rigorous safety assessment before entering the market. However, from an ecological perspective, its threat to the environment is recognized worldwide. Its harm is likely to take decades or even longer to fully manifest itself, and then there is almost no way to recover. Therefore, environmentalists all over the world are firmly opposed to the development of genetically modified foods.
But there are also proponents of genetic modification that the evolution of nature is a long-term slow process. There is also a natural process of gene exchange. Artificial transgenic technology only accelerates this slow process and is a safe gene mutation. . Moreover, compared to genetic transformation, terrible is a high-tech means in the production process, such as herbicides, insecticides, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, which have become almost indispensable elements of modern agriculture.
At present, the dispute between the two parties has not yet ended. However, from a long-term, cautious point of view, it is not a last resort, or try not to eat genetically modified foods. After all, genetically modified products are like transferring the genes of other organisms to humans. Having a certain flower gene, or a certain bacterial gene, on the body sounds too unnatural.
Genetically modified food identification method
Most of the products containing genetically-modified components listed in Greenpeace are multinational food brands. In comparison, they buy fresh-made fruits and vegetables and eat traditional grains such as millet, rhubarb rice, mung beans, and peanut oil. When tea seed oil is cooked by itself, there is almost no danger of eating genetically modified ingredients. However, if you still have doubts about whether the foods you purchase are "genetically modified", the "Genetic Blog" provides some simple and effective identification methods that will help you identify genetically modified foods.
Identification method 1. Soybean non-genetically modified soybean: It is elliptical in shape and somewhat flat. The navel is light brown. Beans vary in size. The milk soaked out is milky white genetically modified soybeans: round and round. The navel is yellow or tan. The size of beans is almost the same. The soymilk is a bit yellow, and the tofu made with this bean is a bit yellow. `
Simple test method: Transgenic soybeans do not germinate and can be tested with water. Native soybeans will germinate in water for three days, and the genetically modified soybeans will not germinate, but only the individual will expand.
From the germination test process, one can find that these genetically modified soybeans are fruits produced once, and their germs do not have the essential activity of life. Therefore, there is no ability to continue offspring. Equivalent to one person can be normal pregnancy, but each time is stillbirth, which means that the continuation of life so far. Then if humans eat large amounts of genetically modified foods for a long period of time, the genetically modified fragments that endanger humans will inevitably affect people's normal genes in a subtle way. It is reasonable to expect that the resistance of human beings will decline, and diseases and diseases will be lost. It's up.
2. Carrot Non-GM Carrots: The surface is uneven, generally not straight, from the head to the tail is from coarse to fine. And the head is protruding outwards.
Genetically modified carrots: The surface is relatively smooth, generally straight, and its tail is sometimes thicker than the middle. And the head is concave inwards.
Note: Carrots are only available in autumn and winter seasons, and summers are generally genetically modified.
3. potatoes, non-genetically modified potatoes: looks more ugly, the general color is relatively deep, pitted surface, while the skin color is irregular, after peeling, the surface will soon become darker, the skin is white.
GM potatoes: The surface is smooth, the pits are shallow and the colors are light. After peeling, the surface did not change significantly.
Test method: Peel the skin first and then see the changes before deciding not to eat.
4. Corn GM corn: sweet, crisp, plump, beautiful shape, similar to the head and tail particles.
5. The area in which rice has been legally planted in China for genetically modified rice is Hubei. Be alert to the slender, bright rice. It is easy to be confused with the "long grain incense" in the northeast. Be sure to see the country of origin when you buy it.
6. Tomato transgenic tomatoes: The color is bright and good looking, the fruit is hard, not easy to crack the fruit.
Identification method two 1. Season. In addition to greenhouse vegetables, other off-season foods are easily genetically modified.
2. Colors. The difference from the traditional is absolutely genetically modified, such as colored cotton, colored peppers.
3. Taste. The traditional corn is generally yellow corn and white corn with a slight sweet taste. However, the sweet corn that is now popular has a very high sweetness and is undoubtedly a genetically modified crop.
4. Pests. All crops that pests like to visit are genetically non-transgenic; crops that are scary or rarely pest-resistant are genetically modified.
5. Output. In the first few years, GM crops generally have higher yields than traditional crops.
This version of the picture is an advertisement designed by Moscow BBDO for Greenpeace.
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