Beef cattle fattening method

The fattening of cattle has two methods: continuous fattening and late fattening. (I) Continuous fattening method Continuous fattening method refers to the calf being transferred to the finishing stage immediately after weaning and finishing until the slaughter weight (12-18 months old, weighing 400-500 kg). Widely used in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Using this method, the concentrate in the diet can account for more than 50% of the total nutrients. Both grazing and supplementary feeding methods can be used, and grazing methods can also be used. Sustained fattening has a high total efficiency due to the high weight gain during the growth stage with higher feed utilization and the short feeding period. The beef produced is tender, second only to the veal, and the cost is lower than the fattening of the yak. ​​It is a very popular method of fattening. 1. Grazing and supplementary feeding continued fattening method In areas with good pasture conditions, calves are mainly grazing after weaning, and according to the pasture conditions, they are properly supplemented with fine material or hay to make it reach 400 kg at 18 months of age. To achieve this goal, the calf's average daily gain will reach 0.9-1 kg with cows during the lactation period. In the winter, the daily weight gain is 0.4-0.6 kg. The second summer, the daily weight gain is 0.9 kg. In the dry grass season, the hybrid cattle are fed 1-2 kg of concentrate each day. When grazing should be reasonable grouping, each group of about 50, group rotation. In China, a cow weighing 120-150 kg needs 1.5-2 hectares of grassland. When grazing, pay attention to the cattle's rest and salt. Summer heatstroke, catch the autumn. 2. Grazing - Sheltering - Grazing Continuous fattening This type of fattening method is suitable for autumnal nymphs born in September-November. After the calf is born, it is breast-fed or artificially breast-feeded. During the lactation period, the daily gain is 0.6 kg and the weight at the time of weaning reaches 70 kg. After weaning, feed mainly on roughage, feed in winter, eat silage or hay freely, feed no more than 2 kilograms of fines per day, and increase the average daily gain by 0.9 kg. By the age of 6 months, it will weigh up to 180 kg. Then in the fine pasture grazing (at this time from April to October), the average daily weight gain is required to maintain O.8 kg. Up to 325 kg by 12 months of age. Into the feeding, free access to silage or hay, feed 2-3 kg per day, the average daily gain of 0.9 kg, to 18 months of age, weighing 490 kg. 3. Shelter feeding Continuous fattening method Sheltering Continuous fattening method First, a production plan is made, and then feeding is carried out according to stages. After the calf is weaned, it will continue to be fattened. The calf's feeding will depend on the intensity of cultivation and the age at the time of slaughter. Intensive breeding and slaughtering at the age of 12-15 months will require higher feeding levels so that the finishing cattle can be averaged. The daily weight gain is above 1kg. In formulating the fattening production plan, market needs, feeding costs, the conditions of cattle farms, breeds, breeding intensity, and the month of slaughter and listing are taken into account. According to the physiological characteristics, growth and development rules and nutritional requirements of beef cattle, the whole finishing period is divided into two to three stages, and corresponding feeding and management measures are taken respectively. (II) Concentrated finishing in the later period For cattle aged about 2 years old without fattening or enough slaughtered body condition, concentrate more concentrated material in a relatively short period of time, and the method of increasing the weight is called later-stage concentrated fattening. This method has an obvious effect on improving the quality of beef and improving the economic efficiency of fattening cattle. In the later period, there are grazing and supplemental feeding methods, grazing and fattening of the stalk plus concentrate feed type, silage feed type feeding and fattening, and alcohol feed type feeding and fattening. 1. The method of grazing plus supplementation and fattening is simple and easy to use, in order to make full use of local resources, less investment, and high efficiency. This method can be used in pastoral areas and mountainous areas in China. For 6-month-old non-weaned yak, half-grazing half-grazing for 7 to 12 months of age, 0.5 kg of corn for daily supplementation, 20 g of auxin, 25 g of artificial salt, 25 g of urea, and feeding time after 8:00 pm 13-15 months old grazing, 16-18 months old after insecticide, the intensity of fattening, grazing all day, daily supplement 1.5 kg of concentrate, urea 50 grams, 40 grams of auxin, 25 grams of artificial salt, and other appropriate Make up the grass. Generally, during the finishing period of finishing cattle, the daily diet should be calculated in thousands of substances. The ratio of feed to grass should be 1:3.5-4.0, the total amount of feed should be 2.5% of body weight, and the type of green feed should be more than two kinds. The mixed concentrate should contain energy, protein feed and Calcium, phosphorus, salt and so on. The nutrient content per kilogram of mixed concentrate was 894 grams of dry matter, a net energy gain of 1,089 megajoules, 164 grams of crude protein, 12 grams of calcium, and 9 grams of phosphorus. In the early stage of strength and fattening, each cow feeds 2 kg of mixed fines per day and feeds 3 kg at the end of the feeding period. The concentrate feeds twice a day and the coarse feed supplements 3 times, and is free to eat. After the northern provinces of China entered the dry season after November, the purpose of finishing grazing was not enough for fattening, and they should be transferred to houses for full-fat rearing. 2. The treated straw + concentrate has a large amount of crop stalks and is a cheap feed resource. Straw is treated with chemical and biological treatments to increase its nutritional value and improve palatability and digestibility. The straw ammonification technology has the greatest extent in the agricultural areas in our country, and the effect is good. After ammoniated straw crude protein can be increased 1-2 times, organic matter digestibility can be increased by 20% to 30%, feed intake can be increased by 15% -20%. Ammoniated stalks are mainly used for the fattening of beef cattle with proper amount of concentrates, and a great deal of research and promotion has been carried out in various places. It can be seen that the aminated wheat straw plus a small amount of fine material can get a good fattening effect. With the increase in the amount of concentrate, the feed intake of ammoniated wheat straw gradually decreased, and the daily weight gain gradually increased. According to Liu Taiyu (1996) test, the aminated wheat straw was used in combination with a weighting agent, combined with special compound additives, and summer The average daily gain of the yellow hybrid generation bull is 1.2 kg (60% for corn, 37% for cottonseed cake, 1.5% for bone meal, and 1.5% for salt). 3. Silage + fine material is widely available in many agricultural areas and can be used as a raw material for silage. According to statistics, there are only a few parts of silage that can be used for the silage of crop by-products for silage. If it can be increased to 20%, it can save 3 million tons of feed grain each year. Silage corn is a good feed for fattening beef cattle. According to foreign studies, under the condition of low concentrate content, feeding silage can achieve higher weight gain. The test confirmed that the corn stalks after ripening were stored in silage before they had become dry litter, and were still high-quality concentrates fed to beef cattle. Adding a certain amount of concentrate to fattening beef cattle could still achieve better weight gain. 4. The feeds for bad-slags and fines and mashes include by-products of brewing, milling, and sugar making. Most of them are residues of water that are left after the extraction of carbohydrates from raw materials. In addition to high moisture content (70% to 90%), crude fiber, crude protein, crude fat, etc. are all high in content, and nitrogen-free extracts are low in content. The crude protein accounts for 20% to 40% of dry matter. In the category of protein feeds, although the crude fiber content is high (mostly between 10% and 20%), the digestibility of various substances is similar to that of raw materials. Therefore, the energy value is similar to that of bran in terms of dry matter.

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