First, larvae rearing: due to the habit of metamorphosis and camp-living of the gums, the larvae are bred into pre-larvae (cultivation from hatching to the bottom life stages) and post-larvae rearing (from the bottom of the camp to 5 cm in length). The cultivation of the stage).
1. Pre-cultivation of larvae 1. Cultivation ponds: The shape of nursery ponds is round, octagonal, square, and rectangular, with an area ranging from 5 to 100 square meters. Most of them are indoor cement pools. Considering the flow of water, the exchange rate, and the accumulation of sediments, the shape of the pool is the best in the circle, and the depth of water is preferably 0.8-1.2 meters. Taking into account the expansion of the floor area of ​​the pool for the bottom of life of the juvenile fishery and the juvenile fishery, as well as the removal of the pool for the purpose of emptying the pool, the pool bottom should have a certain slope. 2 Water Quality: Seawater cannot be used directly, it must be sand-filtered, and it is best to be sterilized by UV light. The water temperature cultivated in the early stage is preferably controlled at 15-22°C. The salinity is 28-36. 3 Inflating: Inflating with aerated stones, the microwave can be used at the beginning of the aeration, and it gradually increases as the larvae grow. 4 light: the gums near the metamorphosis require a certain program of illumination, generally controlled at 1000-5000lx. 5 Stocking Density: The density of newly hatched larvae is 50,000-60,000/m3. When the body length is 13-15 mm, the density can be reduced to 10,000/m3. 6 feeding bait: After cultivation to complete metamorphosis (15 mm), the feed used was mainly rotifer and Artemia.
Assisted use of prawn dipping sauce, natural copepods, and baits. It is advisable to put the bait early. When the yolk sac is almost completely absorbed and the larvae are able to swim horizontally to the surface, the rotifers should start to feed at a density of at least 2/ml, preferably 5 to 10/ml, and be fed 3 to 4 times a day. 7 Suction: In the case of high-density cultivation, from the 5th day of age, it is common to suck the dirt once every 3 days. When feeding compound feed, it is best once a day.
2, post-larval rearing:
1 Breeding conditions: Late cultivation has been carried out using the previous breeding pools, but it has also been modified to be cultivated in large and medium-sized concrete pools, and also in cages. Cement pond cultivation is not much different from the previous period. Here is a brief introduction to cage cultivation.
Before the bottom of the fry will be placed or just beginning to bottom, it will be transplanted into cages. Because of the cage cultivation, it is easy to fish out of the pond, changing the water is easier, the residual bait is not easy to accumulate, the feeding amount is limited, and the rate of formation is high. The size of the cage is not limited. The mesh is initially 2-3 mm. Change the net as the fry grows. Wash the net frequently. In addition, the cage is preferably close to the bottom surface and the wall surface. The advantage is that the sediment will be stirred up and discharged naturally due to the juvenile's own activities, and the residual bait will not accumulate.
2 Water quality: The suitable water temperature for later cultivation is 18-25°C. As body length increases, juveniles will increase their tolerance to low salinity. The rate of water change depends on the type and amount of bait being fed.
3 Stocking Density: The juvenile stocking density of camp-bottom floor of 13-15 mm in length is 10,000 fish per cubic metre. As the growth gradually decreases, the juvenile stocking density of 30 mm in length is 1000-2000/m3. . Juveniles with a total length of 30 mm are in a phase of mutualism, and high densities can reduce the survival rate.
4 Feeding: Gingers start life from the bottom of the camp and their physiology changes greatly. Therefore, it is necessary to select the type of food suitable for them. At the same time, with the increase of food intake, a large amount of feeds should be fed, such as feeding Artemia adults or other individual larger feeds, or using meat emulsions. When feeding dead bait, such as meat, it is advisable that the amount of feed is basically the same as that of the day, and the bait and dirt should be sucked off before dark.
5 The risk of larval rearing: As with other marine fish, there are also three dangerous phases in the artificial breeding of gums: First, the yolk sac is nearly absorbed, and the larvae are most likely to die in the first few days after they start eating; When the fry began to bottom, it was also a peak of death. Third, after the metamorphosis was completed, the phenomenon of mutual-residue began to appear, which would greatly reduce the survival rate. The reasons for the danger period are as follows: First, larvae have poor ability to adapt to changes in the environment, but they also have poor predation ability and hunger tolerance. They cannot catch food in time, resulting in death. Second, after the fry begin to live on the bottom, From the morphological, physiological and behavioral habits have undergone major changes, larvae are difficult to adapt to this change and cause death. However, from the experience of breeding, it is easier to reduce the death rate at the end of the period.
6 to prevent the residual food: gums juveniles bottomed, the general length of about 23-25 ​​mm, if there is a difference between the individual, juveniles between the intense fierce mutual gruel, which is the late gums juvenile fish One of the main reasons for the reduced survival rate. At present, the effective method to prevent the residual food is: timely replacement of feed, feeding adequate, and at the same time timely seedlings, seedlings of the size of seedlings.
Second, the cultivation of large-scale seedlings The so-called cultivation of large-scale seedlings refers to the cultivation of 5 cm juveniles into 10-12 cm in length.
2. Cultivating facilities At present, there are two types of large-scale seedlings for cultivating gums in China. One is a FRP sink, and the other is an in-pool cage. The more commonly used is the latter.
In indoor cages, cages are set in indoor cement tanks, and young fish are placed in cages for cultivation. Its biggest advantage is that the overall body of water is larger, and the excretions of juvenile fish and bait are directly reduced to the bottom of the pool. Juveniles are trapped on cages and are not affected by dirt, resulting in fewer diseases. The survival rate is naturally high.
3. Cultivation time: At present, 5 cm juveniles are cultivated into 10-12 cm long seedlings. It takes 60 days at the current domestic level.
4. Cultivation density: The cultivation density is closely related to the cultivation conditions, and the good cultivation condition density can be appropriately higher. Generally 400-500 tails/sq.m. at 5 cm, and when reaching 10 cm, it can be reduced to 200-300/m2.
5. Sorting: Because the phenomenon of mutual grappling between the juveniles of the gingiva is very serious, therefore, individuals of different sizes should be cultivated in a timely manner in order to improve the survival rate. Generally, sorting should be done when the naked eye can clearly see the size.
6, feed: chilled feed or pellet feed can be. At present, there are pellet feeds suitable for gingivae seedlings on the domestic and foreign markets, and there are different specifications for different seed sizes.
7, temperature: suitable temperature for the growth of gingival seedlings is 18-23 °C.
8. Illumination: The suitable illumination for breeding gingiva species is 500-1000 lx.
9, water quality: fresh water quality is very important, the transparency of the general cement pool to be crystal clear, pH 8.1-8.2, DO at 6.0 mg / l or more, NH +4-N is less than μg / L.
10. Inflating and changing water: In the entire cultivation process, continuous air-inflating is very necessary, so as to maintain sufficient oxygen in the water of the nursery. In addition, changing the water is also essential to keep the water fresh and conducive to the growth of fingerlings.
11. Pollutant discharge: Pollutant discharge is equally important during the entire cultivation process. Because excretions, residual baits and other contaminants deposited on the bottom of the pond are places where bacteria and parasites breed. If they are not removed in time, bacteria and parasites will breed in large numbers and invade the fish body and affect the health of the fish.
1. Pre-cultivation of larvae 1. Cultivation ponds: The shape of nursery ponds is round, octagonal, square, and rectangular, with an area ranging from 5 to 100 square meters. Most of them are indoor cement pools. Considering the flow of water, the exchange rate, and the accumulation of sediments, the shape of the pool is the best in the circle, and the depth of water is preferably 0.8-1.2 meters. Taking into account the expansion of the floor area of ​​the pool for the bottom of life of the juvenile fishery and the juvenile fishery, as well as the removal of the pool for the purpose of emptying the pool, the pool bottom should have a certain slope. 2 Water Quality: Seawater cannot be used directly, it must be sand-filtered, and it is best to be sterilized by UV light. The water temperature cultivated in the early stage is preferably controlled at 15-22°C. The salinity is 28-36. 3 Inflating: Inflating with aerated stones, the microwave can be used at the beginning of the aeration, and it gradually increases as the larvae grow. 4 light: the gums near the metamorphosis require a certain program of illumination, generally controlled at 1000-5000lx. 5 Stocking Density: The density of newly hatched larvae is 50,000-60,000/m3. When the body length is 13-15 mm, the density can be reduced to 10,000/m3. 6 feeding bait: After cultivation to complete metamorphosis (15 mm), the feed used was mainly rotifer and Artemia.
Assisted use of prawn dipping sauce, natural copepods, and baits. It is advisable to put the bait early. When the yolk sac is almost completely absorbed and the larvae are able to swim horizontally to the surface, the rotifers should start to feed at a density of at least 2/ml, preferably 5 to 10/ml, and be fed 3 to 4 times a day. 7 Suction: In the case of high-density cultivation, from the 5th day of age, it is common to suck the dirt once every 3 days. When feeding compound feed, it is best once a day.
2, post-larval rearing:
1 Breeding conditions: Late cultivation has been carried out using the previous breeding pools, but it has also been modified to be cultivated in large and medium-sized concrete pools, and also in cages. Cement pond cultivation is not much different from the previous period. Here is a brief introduction to cage cultivation.
Before the bottom of the fry will be placed or just beginning to bottom, it will be transplanted into cages. Because of the cage cultivation, it is easy to fish out of the pond, changing the water is easier, the residual bait is not easy to accumulate, the feeding amount is limited, and the rate of formation is high. The size of the cage is not limited. The mesh is initially 2-3 mm. Change the net as the fry grows. Wash the net frequently. In addition, the cage is preferably close to the bottom surface and the wall surface. The advantage is that the sediment will be stirred up and discharged naturally due to the juvenile's own activities, and the residual bait will not accumulate.
2 Water quality: The suitable water temperature for later cultivation is 18-25°C. As body length increases, juveniles will increase their tolerance to low salinity. The rate of water change depends on the type and amount of bait being fed.
3 Stocking Density: The juvenile stocking density of camp-bottom floor of 13-15 mm in length is 10,000 fish per cubic metre. As the growth gradually decreases, the juvenile stocking density of 30 mm in length is 1000-2000/m3. . Juveniles with a total length of 30 mm are in a phase of mutualism, and high densities can reduce the survival rate.
4 Feeding: Gingers start life from the bottom of the camp and their physiology changes greatly. Therefore, it is necessary to select the type of food suitable for them. At the same time, with the increase of food intake, a large amount of feeds should be fed, such as feeding Artemia adults or other individual larger feeds, or using meat emulsions. When feeding dead bait, such as meat, it is advisable that the amount of feed is basically the same as that of the day, and the bait and dirt should be sucked off before dark.
5 The risk of larval rearing: As with other marine fish, there are also three dangerous phases in the artificial breeding of gums: First, the yolk sac is nearly absorbed, and the larvae are most likely to die in the first few days after they start eating; When the fry began to bottom, it was also a peak of death. Third, after the metamorphosis was completed, the phenomenon of mutual-residue began to appear, which would greatly reduce the survival rate. The reasons for the danger period are as follows: First, larvae have poor ability to adapt to changes in the environment, but they also have poor predation ability and hunger tolerance. They cannot catch food in time, resulting in death. Second, after the fry begin to live on the bottom, From the morphological, physiological and behavioral habits have undergone major changes, larvae are difficult to adapt to this change and cause death. However, from the experience of breeding, it is easier to reduce the death rate at the end of the period.
6 to prevent the residual food: gums juveniles bottomed, the general length of about 23-25 ​​mm, if there is a difference between the individual, juveniles between the intense fierce mutual gruel, which is the late gums juvenile fish One of the main reasons for the reduced survival rate. At present, the effective method to prevent the residual food is: timely replacement of feed, feeding adequate, and at the same time timely seedlings, seedlings of the size of seedlings.
Second, the cultivation of large-scale seedlings The so-called cultivation of large-scale seedlings refers to the cultivation of 5 cm juveniles into 10-12 cm in length.
2. Cultivating facilities At present, there are two types of large-scale seedlings for cultivating gums in China. One is a FRP sink, and the other is an in-pool cage. The more commonly used is the latter.
In indoor cages, cages are set in indoor cement tanks, and young fish are placed in cages for cultivation. Its biggest advantage is that the overall body of water is larger, and the excretions of juvenile fish and bait are directly reduced to the bottom of the pool. Juveniles are trapped on cages and are not affected by dirt, resulting in fewer diseases. The survival rate is naturally high.
3. Cultivation time: At present, 5 cm juveniles are cultivated into 10-12 cm long seedlings. It takes 60 days at the current domestic level.
4. Cultivation density: The cultivation density is closely related to the cultivation conditions, and the good cultivation condition density can be appropriately higher. Generally 400-500 tails/sq.m. at 5 cm, and when reaching 10 cm, it can be reduced to 200-300/m2.
5. Sorting: Because the phenomenon of mutual grappling between the juveniles of the gingiva is very serious, therefore, individuals of different sizes should be cultivated in a timely manner in order to improve the survival rate. Generally, sorting should be done when the naked eye can clearly see the size.
6, feed: chilled feed or pellet feed can be. At present, there are pellet feeds suitable for gingivae seedlings on the domestic and foreign markets, and there are different specifications for different seed sizes.
7, temperature: suitable temperature for the growth of gingival seedlings is 18-23 °C.
8. Illumination: The suitable illumination for breeding gingiva species is 500-1000 lx.
9, water quality: fresh water quality is very important, the transparency of the general cement pool to be crystal clear, pH 8.1-8.2, DO at 6.0 mg / l or more, NH +4-N is less than μg / L.
10. Inflating and changing water: In the entire cultivation process, continuous air-inflating is very necessary, so as to maintain sufficient oxygen in the water of the nursery. In addition, changing the water is also essential to keep the water fresh and conducive to the growth of fingerlings.
11. Pollutant discharge: Pollutant discharge is equally important during the entire cultivation process. Because excretions, residual baits and other contaminants deposited on the bottom of the pond are places where bacteria and parasites breed. If they are not removed in time, bacteria and parasites will breed in large numbers and invade the fish body and affect the health of the fish.
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