Fifteen years ago, sequencing the human genome took about $3 billion, but today it costs thousands of dollars. The development of science and technology is changing with each passing day. What are the expected breakthroughs in the new year? The British magazine Nature recently interviewed experts in the field of biomedicine to sort out the technologies and topics that are expected to change the face of life science research in 2018, including mapping for transcriptomes, promoting cancer vaccine development, and establishing a scientific Internet of Things.
Drawing for the transcriptome
The Global Human Cell Atlas (HCA) program aims to identify all cell types in the human body and map their spatial organization, and many additional techniques are required to complete this project.
Single-cell RNA sequencing is an effective method for identifying different cell types and an important tool for creating HCA. This method needs to separate the tissue into individual cells and then isolate the RNA, but this does not preserve the spatial environment of the cells in the tissue, ie How they are organized and interact.
Zhuang Xiaowei, director of the Advanced Imaging Center at Harvard University, said that there is a need for a technology that can image the transcriptome of cells in a whole tissue (a collection of all transcripts in the cell, including messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transport RNA, etc.) Space background. His laboratory is developing multiple error-resistant fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH), an image-based, single-cell transcriptomics method that images 1000 different messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in a single cell and then passes The gene expression profile of the cells is classified and their spatial organization is drawn. As technology advances, MERFISH has the potential to detect all transcriptomes in intact tissue cells.
Promote cancer vaccine development
In the field of cancer immunogenomics, researchers want to know which mutant proteins encoded by the cancer genome, new antigens, can elicit an immune response in an individual and develop personalized cancer vaccines or other therapies based on this. Mass spectrometry flow cytometry (CyTOF) can be used to study these new antigens.
Ilan Matisse, director of the United Children's Hospital Joint Genome Medicine Institute, said the technology could determine which new antigens are most likely to produce cancer cells and respond strongly to the immune system, and then use this information to create personalized Anti-cancer vaccines, combined with new anticancer drugs, are expected to eventually free patients from disease.
Not only is CyTOF useful for cancer genomics, it can also be used to track the abundance and composition of any protein produced by cells, allowing us to understand proteins more dimensionally and accurately.
Extended genomic sequence analysis
In 2000, a new hormone, the gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH), was discovered. Studies have shown that this hormone inhibits the reproductive axis when the animal is under stress. Research on GnIH is revolutionizing our understanding of the brain's regulation of reproduction.
Today, thanks to high-throughput DNA sequencing technology, the price of genome sequencing is declining. Rebecca Calis Lodigus, a reproductive biologist at the University of California, Davis, said that this allows scientists to study animals that are not normally studied in the laboratory and obtain more reproductive-related data, such as They have recently used RNA sequencing to gain a deeper understanding of how the reproductive axis of a normal pigeon responds to stress. Chronic stress can affect reproduction, and they hope to learn more about it.
At the same time, they are also studying every gene that is active in the reproductive axis, the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and gonads in the brain. The huge data set produced hundreds of hypotheses that help to further understand the pressure pair. The effects of reproductive mechanisms that provide genetic intervention or treatment for millions of people with fertility problems.
Establishing the Science Internet of Things
The Internet of Things is a cluster of smart sensors and actuators that are transforming our lives and are expected to change the face of research.
Researchers have begun collaborating on the Distributed Science Internet of Things (IoST). IoST is an open system that connects distributed sensors and actuators to a powerful machine learning platform to facilitate global experimentation.
Even the simplified version of the system has a huge impact. Google has found that its smartphones can detect early symptoms of Parkinson's disease from changes in gait detected by cell phone accelerometers and gyroscopes. Vivienne Ming, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Berkeley, said her team could predict manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder using smartphone sensors. But now, many scientists are unable to obtain this experimental ability.
Imagine if researchers can access data from smartphones, smart watches, and labs around the world running IoST applications; AI systems can mine research and data published in your field, and so on, which will bring much breakthrough to scientific research. ?
Of course, these large-scale distributed systems have some terrible factors. For example, do some organizations restrict the data? Is the research results of the new platform available through traditional science publishers or open access platforms like arXiv?
Although access to channels and ethical issues must be addressed, the transition is even more urgent. Some laboratories and researchers are already taking advantage of these possibilities. The establishment of these systems is expected to make publications more equitable, data shareable, and scientifically more transparent.
(Source: China Net)
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hydroponics system-nutrient technique (NFT)
NFT does not give average support to roots. Typically, the roots sit in a long sloping channel irrigation (Fig. 1.1). The nutrient is introduced into the high class of the canal and allowed to flow over the roots after which it drains into the nutrient tank. This is then re-pumped back into the channel to repeat the watering process.
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