1. Grapes and tomatoes are grown on both north and south rows. The grapes are cultivated on a single-wall fence.
2. Row spacing: The grape is 0.5 meters 2 meters. The tomatoes were planted in rows of 4 rows with a spacing of 0.35 meters.
3. Variety: Grapes use Polly rose, tomato varieties are precocious and low-lying Beijing early red varieties.
4. Solar greenhouse construction is 70-80 meters long (too long, the insulation effect is not good), 7.5 meters wide from north to south, (too wide, behind the poor light). The greenhouse uses steel arches covered with plastic film.
5. Grapes are a way to plant for many years. Each year, a sufficient amount of 3,000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer is applied as a basal fertilizer every autumn, and 3 kg of nitrogen, 5 kg of phosphorus, and 4 kg of potassium are added per acre. Spread 1000 kg/mu of organic fertilizer on the grape roots and between the rows of grapes. Combined deep-dip application of ammonium sulfate 25-30 kg/mu, diammonium phosphate 10-15 kg/mu.
Second, the main cultivation techniques
1. Tomato nursery
During the breeding period of tomato, it is determined according to the greenhouse warming period. The warming period is generally late December, and it can be deduced that the nursery period of the tomatoes is in the early November of the previous year (the tomato seedling period is about 50 days). Seedlings for tomatoes are the same as ordinary conventional seedlings. They are mainly to prevent the seedlings from being leggy, cultivate strong seedlings, and transplant them at appropriate times.
2. Greenhouse warming
Before the grapes warm up, apply lime nitrogen. The method is that about 1 month before warming (from the end of November to the beginning of December) apply 5 times of lime nitrogen to the resulting branches. Each kilogram of lime nitrogen is mixed with 5 kg of warm water at 50°C. Spraying the whole plant with an appropriate amount of spraying agent and sprayer, it can be germinated earlier for 15 days, and the germination is neat. The grape can be raised in the morning for about 15 days.
Warming of the greenhouse takes place in late December and begins after the winter solstice. Warming the greenhouse, the temperature can not rise too fast. If the temperature is too high, the grapes will germinate in advance, and if the ground temperature cannot keep up, it will cause the plant's ground and root activities to be inconsistent, and the germination will not be neat. Therefore, the greenhouse warming and germination start one week to implement the low temperature management, maintain around 20°C during the day and 10～15°C during the night. After the warming began, the pre-emergence water was fed in combination with top dressing.
3. Transplanting tomatoes
One week after the addition of low temperature in the greenhouse, the temperature of the greenhouse was gradually increased, and the temperature was maintained at 28 to 30°C during the day and 15 to 20°C at night. After 3 days, the tomatoes were transplanted and 4 lines were planted at a spacing of 40 cm and 35 cm between the rows of the grapes, and 4500 plants were planted in the acre. After planting cover mulch, and timely pouring water, avoid pouring water. After colonization, the temperature was maintained at about 30°C and a high temperature of 15 to 20°C was maintained at night.
After the tomatoes were planted and resuscitated, they were sprayed with 1% short-strength element, sprayed once every 7 days, and sprayed twice in total. The concentration of the drug was strictly controlled.
4. Early management of grape shoots
Summer Scissors: Includes shelves, swabs, and tips. When the grapes grow 3 to 4 leaves, they start to appear. The buds are applied before the buds are sprouted. They are wiped off by excess, late-onset, poor-spotted, thin, thin, dense buds. The branches should be set to shoot buds as close as possible to raw vines, rational distribution bud density, adjust the load of the plants. Each year of 3 years old grapes, 4 to 6 results can be found.
Temperature and humidity management: During this period, the temperature is too high, humidity is too high, will inevitably cause new shoots of legitimacy, so to maintain the low temperature has become the key to management. The temperature is controlled at 25~30°C during the day and about 15°C at night, which is consistent with the tomato's requirements for temperature conditions during this period. Humidity is 60%. Too big to ventilate. If there is no bud or germination is not strong, absolutely can not be watered, enter the first 10 to 15 days before flowering appropriate water irrigation.
5. Grape Flowering Management
Inflorescences, axillary spikes, and dewrinkles: After about 20 days of sprouting of the grapes, the amount of thinning is determined according to the size and size of the inflorescence, and 1/5 to 1/4 of the spike tip is removed. The tendrils should be depleted of nutrients and should be removed at any time.
Take control measures to increase the fruit setting rate: spraying borax 0.2% on the leaves and inflorescence 2 to 4 days before flowering, spraying 100 to 150 times liquid booster on the initial flowering stage.
Temperature and humidity management: During this period, the humidity should be relatively low, and the humidity is less conducive to the smooth progress of pollination and fertilization. Temperature index: Keep around 28°C during the day, 16～18°C during the night, and 50% humidity. Excessive humidity should be ventilated.
6. Late-stage technical management of tomatoes
Determine the number of ears: leave 4 to 6 ears per plant, leaving 2 to 3 fruit per ear.
Deeply turning the tomatoes on the premise of not damaging the roots, increasing the temperature of the soil and enhancing the ventilation of the soil.
Grasp the humidity and timely fill the first water. When the walnuts in the first order were large and the second order fruit was large, the flower buds of the third order were just beginning to flower, and the seedlings were finished and irrigation began. Afterwards, irrigation is performed once every 10 to 15 days, combined with topdressing of urea for 7.5 to 10 kg per mu. When watering, the period of water requirement for combining the grapes is appropriately advanced or delayed.
To prevent flowering, fruit drop and malformed fruit: due to the temperature factor caused by falling flower and fruit, available 2.4-D point stalk, concentration 10 ~ 20 mg / kg. Due to other conditions, it can be regulated by measures such as improving light, regulating soil moisture, performing top dressing and increasing carbon dioxide. 2.4-D flower handle should not be repeated, the concentration should not be too high to prevent malformation.
Comprehensive measures during the fruit period: temperature 25-28°C; soil moisture 20%-25%; water 10-15 days (combined with water requirement of grapes); early cover removal of straw curtains; spraying of dihydrogen phosphate Potassium 300 times, spray 7 to 10 days.
Ethylene benefit ripening: ripening on fruit stems 500 to 1000 mg/kg; fruit picking ripening 2000 to 3000 mg/kg.
7. Young fruit - management of hard core period
Fertilizer management: topdressing with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Potassium fertilizer is applied one time before and after the hard core period, with 2.5 to 3 kg per mu (potassium). Phosphate fertilizer (pure amount) can be applied in the post-anthesis and pre-hard core period, when applied in batches of 1.5 kg/mu. Irrigation during this period depends on soil conditions and irrigation conditions of tomatoes.
Twisted shoots: The grapes in the greenhouse are often sprouted. In order to make the length of the result branches consistent before flowering, the buds that germinate first should be twisted and slowed down to achieve a consistent purpose after 10 to 18 days.
Leading tie: Uniformly distribute the resulting branches on the shelf.
Topping: Leave 5 to 6 leaves topping on the resulting inflorescence. Nutrients left 4 to 5 leaves topping. Only one or two of the tops of the axillary shoots occurred after topping, leaving 2 to 4 leaves on each of the auxiliary shoots to pick up the heart repeatedly.
Sparse, thinning fruit: 15 to 20 days after flowering, sparse spikes and fruit thinning. As a result, the branch has a strong 2 spikes, a moderate spike of 1 leaves, and a weak one, leaving 4 to 6 spikes per main vine. According to the results of fruiting as soon as possible to remove some of the dense fruit and unisexual fruit.
Temperature and humidity management: Increasing the night temperature during this period has great significance for promoting the growth and maturation of young fruit. The night temperature is maintained at 18 to 20°C and cannot exceed 20°C. At this point, the outside temperature rises, ventilation and timely ventilation, keep 25 ~ 28 °C during the day.
The largest amount of water needed during this period is a key management period for promoting early maturation of grapes in the solar greenhouse and should be filled with water in a timely manner.
8. Grape coloring, maturity management
Summer shear: When the coloring is started, the old leaves of the base are removed, and the hard core spray 40% ethephon 1500 times plus 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. When the berry becomes soft, it sprays 2000 times echinacea acetic acid 500 times, both ripening and anti-drop.
Temperature and humidity: During this period, the outdoor temperature has been high, the membrane has been basically removed, and temperature management and air humidity are not the focus. However, the amount of water required during this period is also more, it should be timely irrigation 1 or 2 times. However, irrigation should be stopped later.
9. Harvest tomatoes and grape fruit timely
After harvesting, the grapes should be timely flooded to accumulate nutrients, leaving no fruit for two times, followed by normal management of regular grapes.
10. Timely control of pests and diseases
Grape pests and diseases mainly include blackpox, white rot, anthracnose, downy mildew, blight and fertilizer. Pests include thrips, whiteflies, and leafhoppers.
The main diseases of tomatoes: early blight, late blight, gray mold, and viral diseases.
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