In Shandong, Liaoning, Jiangsu and other places where large-scale farming has emerged, the hardware operation and management of standardized or semi-standardized chicken houses has become an important link in the efficiency of many farms. People gradually realized that in order to achieve good production efficiency in high-density rearing conditions, healthy chickens and healthy chickens must be controlled and the environment must be well controlled. The ventilation and temperature management of the houses are again Is the most important content of environmental control. It should be said that both the chicken farm manager and the breeder and the veterinary technician understand and master the daily operation and management of the standardized chicken house, mainly to understand and master the manual and controlled state of ventilation and temperature, so that the local environment of the chicken house is maintained. In line with the chicken's growth and production goals.
For the time being, because of the short time for the standardization of chicken coops in various places, the accumulation of management experience is not enough, and it is easy for people to rely on automation and take it lightly. In fact, a high degree of automation does not replace people's attention to the external environment and timely control of the internal environment, nor can it replace people's observation of chickens. Some chicken farm owners said that my field is not managed and fully automated. Every two broilers and three broilers are enough. At the very least, there is a tying fire (heat stove) and some veterinary drugs. The company’s sales manager said that in order to adapt to the large farm services, the technicians go to the chicken farm to do one month's work, grasp the husbandry and management, and combine the medications for diagnosis and treatment with no problem. I do not agree with this point of view, we can start from the winter heating of the standard chicken house and the summer cooling.
Although the chicken house construction of the large-scale farms in each region has its own characteristics, the centralized heating system is the same. Including hot water or steam boilers, indoor heat exchanger units, fans, negative pressure systems, automatic alarms and temperature controllers. The working principle of this system is to make the outside fresh air cover the flock evenly after preheating, and the controller and equipment operation must be able to guarantee the basic demand of the flock in the minimum ventilation in winter, and also meet the control requirements of the mixed ventilation during the season alternation. , but also to ensure the summer ventilation requirements of the tunnel. This must have a large exhaust air volume fan that can maintain a suitable negative pressure value for supporting equipment. The fan shutters should be flexible and tightly closed, and the materials should be corrosion resistant and not easily deformed. Water curtains and side wall air inlets should be closed and closed tightly with the season. The entire unit should be easy to dust and clean. The summer cooling system includes a temperature controller, a negative pressure controller, a pulse water meter, an alarm, a water curtain, a storage well (pool), and a fan. To achieve effective cooling, we must first ensure that there is a wind speed of 2 ~ 2.5m / s, and this in the controller settings, to set a sufficient number of fans can be activated and fan power can make the wind speed within the house to 2 ~ 2.5 m/s, the controller can start the curtain at this time. If the wind speed is not enough to start, the temperature difference between the front and rear ends of the house will be too large (the temperature difference between the two ends of the house should not exceed 3°C). .
Because China's climate is complex and diverse, geographical differences are obvious, and the time period of seasonal changes is different, it is difficult to say that there is an automated standard that can ensure the proper environment for chickens in different places. For example, in winter fog or weather (hanging) (ice) and cold and windy weather, temperature difference between morning and evening and noon in some areas, topography, and local convection formed by natural barriers all contribute to the ventilation of the house. The humidity in the house and the operation of facilities and equipment have a certain influence. For another example, when the water curtain-fan system is turned on, different coops in the same area at the same time will have different effects due to the architectural design, structure, material, hermeticity, stocking density, and age of the coop, and the system will start sharply. Sometimes it causes short-term temperature dips, which can lead to colds in some chickens. For example, if the external humidity is high or the climate is dry, the usage time of the water curtain will be affected, and the length of time of the water curtain will affect the humidity in the house. If the humidity in the house is too high or too low, it is not conducive to temperature control, which in turn affects the performance of the fan. Power and wind speed are maintained. Mixed ventilation during alternate seasons, the location, size, opening of the side wall vents, and the presence of shade nets or shaded plants on the vents of the Western Wall or the South Wall will also affect the temperature-controlled ventilation in the home. There are three sources of heat in the house: external radiation and preheating of the environment, heating facilities, and the heat of the flock itself. In winter and summer, the chicken's size, density, water intake, respiratory evaporation, defecation volume, and dilute consistency of feces will change the humidity and temperature in the house, and the automatic system can regulate it in time, but for the flock Changes in body temperature (cold and heat stress due to humidity and wind speed) are not perceptible. In the same standard capacity chicken house in the same season, 8,000 chickens of 12-day-old and 5,000 chickens of 33-day-old were raised, although there may be automatic regulation. Equipment for data management (such as the maximum amount of breeding and the maximum ventilation between the summer and winter minimum ventilation adjustments), but the status of the chicken is good, it still depends on the human factor - the responsibility of the people.
People's responsibility is to take into account what aspects of daily management?
One is to check the tightness of the house. Regardless of winter or summer, the well-sealed sheds can ensure that fresh air enters the place where the design requirements are met, and the temperature difference between the front and rear ends and the temperature difference between day and night are not too large. In particular, inspect the middle doorway, the manure-striking plate mouth, the joint between the curtain and the wall, the side wall vents, etc. These places are easy to form air leakage outlets. Especially in winter, if the wind enters the house through the air outlet, cold wind will blow the flock. It is also necessary to ensure that the longitudinally ventilated outside air enters the house from both sides of one end of the house rather than one side, so that the air in the house can be fully mixed with the outside air, so as not to generate thief wind or dead angle wind.
Second, it is necessary to pay attention to the value of the negative pressure inside the home. The negative pressure value is also called the static pressure difference, which is the difference in atmospheric pressure inside and outside the house. In a house with good airtightness, with all air inlets closed, start the exhaust fan and the static pressure difference in the house. The negative pressure must exceed 0.12 inches of water. The certain wind speed of the vent formed by the negative pressure will change due to the outside weather or the temperature difference between day and night. At this time, the controller will automatically adjust the negative pressure, but due to the support of various facilities and human factors, it will cause deviation. The negative pressure in the house caused the uneven wind speed in the front and rear of the house and uneven temperature, which caused the chickens to suffer from cold and heat stress. Therefore, in practical applications, the negative pressure of the house cannot exceed 0.1 inches of water column (usually controlled at 0.06 to 0.08 inches of water), and the intake pipe connected to the negative pressure controller must be placed outside the house and be connected with atmospheric pressure. . It's wrong to put the air intake pipe in the coophouse. This seemingly slight difference will actually affect the judgment of the house's live status. On the other hand, pay attention to the negative pressure and pay attention to the opening angle of the fan shutter. Some shutters have good airtightness, but if the opening is less than 90 degrees, it will affect the fan exhaust efficiency. No matter what the cause is, the amount of fan exhaust is not enough, the over-curtain wind speed of the water curtain will not meet the requirements, which will greatly reduce the cooling effect of the water curtain.
Third, it is necessary to adjust the fan curtain. In some areas, the temperature difference between day and night is too large or the weather is changeable in summer. During this period, mixed ventilation combined with horizontal ventilation and vertical ventilation is needed to ensure that the temperature of the chicken house does not change too quickly. When the indoor fan is turned on to reach half of all fans, it should be changed from mixed ventilation to vertical ventilation. When using vertical ventilation, all the side wall vents must be closed. Horizontal ventilation can be used when the fan is turned on 1 to 2 in the house. The opening and closing of the water curtain must also be coordinated with the fan. When the temperature rises, first increase the ventilation volume and the wind speed. At this time, observe the temperature of the chicken house. When the temperature continues to rise (for example, 30°C), open the curtain again. The water curtain will gradually open. If the cooling water of the water curtain rises due to the heat exchange with the dry hot air outside, the cooling effect will be greatly reduced. This is mainly due to the fact that the underground storage wells (pools) are not too shallow. To solve the secondary problem, two parallel storage wells (pools) can be designed to be used interchangeably, and shade nets should be added above the wells (pools). During the hot, hot season, ice can be added to the pool to reduce the water temperature. Conversely, when the temperature drops back (for example, 27°C), turn off the water curtain first, and gradually reduce the number of fans to turn on. Also pay attention to the timing of the vertical, horizontal, and hybrid ventilation modes. The process of these conversions is poorly controlled and can cause poor temperature changes in chicken houses and affect the flock.
Fourth, it is necessary to understand the effective temperature and body temperature. Air flow above the flock can have convective cooling effects, and the overall air velocity throughout the house can have a cooling effect on the flock. Whether the ventilation of the house is good and whether the temperature is appropriate, it is not only necessary to look at the temperature displayed by the thermometer and the thermostat, and the body temperature of the chicken should be taken into consideration. That is to say, it is based on the observation of the chicken's intake, drinking water, tweets, sulci, and mental status. Generally speaking, the wind speed of the back of the chicken is 2~3m/s. If the chicken exceeds 3m/s, there will be symptoms such as diarrhea and other unhealthy conditions. The temperature sensed by the flock is the temperature of body temperature or sensible temperature which is different from the temperature measured by the thermometer. The faster the wind speed, the greater the difference between the temperature (low) of the chicken's body temperature and the recorded value (high) of the thermometer, and the longer the age of the chicken. Smaller ones will make the wind cooling effect greater. For example, with a cross-sectional wind speed of 1 m/s, the 1-day-old chicks induced a decrease in temperature of 8°C, whereas the 35-day-old flesh was approximately 3°C. So only consider the absolute temperature of the house and the air flow rate, the age of the chicken, the density, the surrounding environment of the chicken house, the local weather at the time, the building structure of the chicken coop, the material, etc., and constantly observe the flocks in order to understand And master the chicken's comfort and health.
Fifth, it is necessary to clean and maintain in time. The negative pressure controller pressure probe outside the coop must be cleaned in time to prevent dust and other clogging of the pressure tube, affecting the accuracy of the control instrument. The pressure probe should be placed in the leeward place outside the house to prevent the wind from disturbing the controller. The temperature sensor should be corrected in time. When correcting, all the probes should be put into the same bucket. According to the temperature in the water, the calibration should be accurate, and the water in the bucket should be close to the temperature of the air in the environment. Be careful not to measure the air temperature for proofreading, as the temperature of the air during the movement will change several degrees rapidly, which will affect the proofreading effect. The effective air intake area of ​​the water curtain is 70% of its own area. After 1 to 2 years of use, it is reduced to 40% to 60%, which in turn affects the cooling effect. This is mainly due to the blockage of feather dust, etc., so it is necessary to wash the filter and the water curtain twice a month, flushing out impurities, biofilms, and cleaning with a cleaning agent if necessary. The water for curtain water circulation should also be replaced in time, because the water quality of turbid microbes will not only affect the cooling effect, but also cause harm to the environment of the house and the health of the flock. For example, the air entering the curtain may carry mold spores and organic matter, and the spores will grow on the curtain pad to form mold colonies, and the curtain will gradually dry out due to the stop of water supply during the colder night time. This kind of change is objective. It also provides a wet-dry environment suitable for mold breeding. After the summer season, the water in the pool (water tank) should be drained, dried and covered to prevent dust from getting in. The motor pump is moved indoors to prevent freezing. The water curtain paper pad should cover tight and prevent oxidative damage.
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