Lotus leeks are native to Taiwan. The varieties have strong cold resistance and strong heat resistance. They can be planted in the northern part of the world from Kuyangdao and south to Vietnam. Characteristics The plant is tall, with thick and long leaf sheaths, broad and thick leaves, dark green leaves, strong planting power, rapid growth, strong growth, thick flower buds, high yield, good quality, and strong adaptability. The biggest advantage is that the bolting is early and the bolting is continued. Adapt to the Environment The southern region can grow and develop throughout the year. Even in the cold northern regions during the cold winter season, the stems and leaves on the ground will wither and stop growing. The next spring will also sprout. The leek's adaptability to the land is very wide, generally do not select the land, strong drought resistance, but not wet, avoid water and wet. Planting sites should be selected from the fields with sufficient water supply and good drainage, and can be applied to black loam, loess, red loam, sandy loam, and clay. The black loam and sandy loam are best, and the ph value should be 5.5–6.5. . The content of organic matter in soil is also closely related to the growth and development of Chinese chives. For example, if there is little organic matter in the soil, it will have adverse effects on the growth and development of plants and the quality of the soil. The soil with high organic matter content will have high yield and good quality. Therefore, organic fertilizer must be applied to the cultivated land. . Leek cultivation in Southeast Asia to China's most prosperous, there are many varieties, edible parts can be divided into two kinds of leaf food and food. At present, the varieties of fresh flowers imported from Taiwan by the province are Lotus No. 11 and Lotus No. 13. Cultivation techniques 1. Seeding: The most suitable temperature for seed germination is 15-20°C, and the minimum temperature must not be lower than 5°C. In South China, about 1 kilogram of seed is used per mu. It is necessary to raise seedlings early and transplant them early. 2. Seedbed: The planting field should be filled with well-watered and well-drained fields, preferably in black loam or sandy loam. The land is first disinfected with 50-100 kg of quicklime per acre, then deep smashed and then sprinkled once with lime to disinfect. Each mus of fermented farmyard fertilizer 1500-3000 kg, and then from the cocoon, cocoon width of 1.2 meters, high general 15 cm can be. Face watering, enough water to prepare for sowing. 3. Seed treatment: First immerse the seeds in a 1000:1 solution of potassium permanganate for 3-4 hours after disinfection, then wash them with cold water, soak in the containers for 24 hours, change the water in the middle 3 times, and then pick up the cool water. Dry sowing promotes germination. 4, sowing: in the well-prepared seedbed with sowing method broadcast on the surface, and then cover the soil (fertilizer and compost half mixed broken up), cover the surface with straw, and then use 800 times the enemy solution full of wet pine Seedbed to prevent pests and diseases. After sprouting, the straw will be removed and the middle weeding to facilitate the rapid growth of seedlings. 5. Transplanting: South China can be transplanted all year round. When the seedlings are 15-20 cm tall, they can be transplanted. When transplanting, the leaves and roots should be cut in half to facilitate rapid growth and development. First turn the land deep, without smashing, use lime (50-100 kg per mu) before planting. Each mu of fermented farmyard fertilizer 2000-3000 kilograms of basal fertilizer, and then from the cover of the earth, the width of 1.2-1.4 meters wide, high ground measures, generally 15 cm high. According to the spacing of 2030 cm 2 plants or 3 plants digging a small hole species, to cover the head is appropriate. Then the root water is poured, and if it is transplanted on rainy days, no watering is required. In dry days, it must be continuously watered for 3-4 days, once in the morning and at night. 20-30 days after transplanting, topdressing is started, and once every 8 to 10 days, fertilization is performed once, and fertilizer is applied 3-4 times per month. 6, field management: leeks can be seen after 3-4 months after transplanting flower moss, flower moss can be picked when 25-30 cm long. On a dry day, spray water every afternoon or once every 1-2 days to see if your face is wet and dry. Conditional use of mechanical watering, no conditions can be put on horse racing water, the wet side of the wet surface will be left after the rest of the water to most or all. Fertilizer should be applied regularly, organic fertilizer accounts for more than 85%, inorganic fertilizer accounts for about 15%, and it is better to use retort human dung or urine with low-nitrogen nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium compound fertilizer or microbial organic active compound fertilizer. Cultivate, manual weeding. Lotus leeks can be sown once in a row for a period of 4-5 years. They do not need to be sown every year. After the fifth year, they begin to lose production due to aging. The period from the second to the fourth year of production is about 1,000 kg per mu in the average year and about 2000-3000 kg in the second to fourth years. Disease control leek flower contains volatile sulfur propylene and has a spicy taste, but it also has pests and diseases. Diseases found in recent years mainly include gray mold, blight, diseases, and rust. 1. Botrytis cinerea: It was recently discovered that the leeks were “dry tail†and “rotten vegetablesâ€, which were mainly caused by gray mold. The main diseases of the gray mold of Chinese cabbage are gray leaf, dry tip and wet rot. White and dry tip types produce small white or light grayish brown spots on the front or back of the blade. They develop downward from the tip of the leaf and are spotted or elliptical. They can heal to form plaques, resulting in half leaves or full. Yeh coke. The dry-tip type rots from the cutting edge and the cut-off point. It is initially water-stained and then turns pale green. It has a brown ring pattern. After the spread of the lesion, it is mostly semi-circular or "v"-shaped. It is yellow-brown. The surface of gray-brown or gray-green villous mold, often occurs when the humidity is high, accompanied by musty. In the autumn and winter of Guangdong province, amaranth is encountering dry weather, and often occurs with “dry tipsâ€, but it is prone to wet rot type “rotten vegetables†during rainy days, and the wet rot type during storage and transportation of leeks causes complete wet rot. The pathogen of the disease is Botrytis cinerea, which mainly relies on asexual spores, that is, gray mold powder on diseased leaves spreads with air currents and rainwater, summer soil will produce sclerotia and soil falls, and autumn, winter and spring temperatures are 15-30°C. Suitable for its growth and spread, 15-21 °C is very suitable for disease epidemic. After each harvest of leeks or for a long period of time, the bacteria will be sprinkled on the surface of the soil, causing new leaves to become infected. The conditions of temperature and humidity when covered with a thin film are suitable for the disease. The prevention and control methods mainly include: (1) Selecting the disease-resistant varieties of leek to promptly clean the pasture after harvest and remove the diseased body, and use 60% polymycin or 50% nellikon wettable powder 1000 times, or 40%. Wet powder Botrytis speed 700 times liquid sneezing head and face disease prevention. (2) In the winter, when the plant is covered with a thin film, timely ventilation and dehumidification should be performed. This is the key to prevention and treatment of the disease. The amount of ventilation should be determined according to the growth of leek, and prevent the wind from sweeping. (3) In the early stage of spraying, 75% Dashuangning powder, 60% Duoan, 50% Suxiaoling, 40% Botrytis, 65% anti-mildew, 40% Calf, 70% Ai yituo, puac, 75% chlorothalonil, 50% siguagong, 72% oxacin, 32% chlorella emulsifiable concentrate, polymyco-3, 40% keratoyl, mildew, 25% yoclaolone, Wan Wei Ling No. 1-5, 50% chloramphenicol, fast-acting grams, mildewymil, Botrytis cinerea and other medicines alternately used alternately, spraying once every 5-7 days, even when sprayed severely 3-4 times Control the disease. 2. Fusarium wilt: It mainly occurs during the summer high temperature period. It is most prone to occur when rainfall is severe after rainfall. The initial disease is mostly in the middle of the blade or on the tip of the ground. The appearance of being scalded by boiling water, when severe, all the leaves are like a burn, and then completely withered. Fusarium wilt not only affects the quality, but it will be lost when serious. The occurrence of wilt disease is caused by the infection of pathogenic bacteria. In the high-temperature conditions, the most vulnerable to disease, especially low-lying, poor drainage, once the rain and rain, the sudden rise in temperature, it will soon be the disease. In addition, it is also related to the strength of the leeks themselves. With age, or harvesting too early, too many harvests, or too high soil, it is prone to blight. Control methods: During the cultivation of the roots in the open field, proper control of water, to avoid leggy, pay attention to drainage. In the early stage of disease, 2% wilting rick, 75% chlorothalonil, 50% fast keratin, 50% acetaminophen, 70% carbendazim plus 70% thiophanate-methyl, 50% guarantor, and 32% gramin can be used. , 30% dt, 15% more suspension agent, Cainonle No. 1 or No. 2, green copper, lk-Keton, 30% wither, 40% root rot, 20% virus nemesis, 50% enemy , Xinpu, Baikening, Smike and other drugs alternate rotation, spray or irrigation roots, every 5-7 days medication 1, serious medication 3-6 times. Can prevent and treat the disease. 3. Diseases: The pseudo stems and bulbs of leeks are the most affected. The diseased leaves mostly start from the lower part. At the beginning, they are dark green water-stained lesions. When they expand to half of the leaves, the whole leaves turn yellow, sagging, and soft rot. When the humidity is high, the diseased part is sparsely moldy. When the pseudo-stem is damaged, it is a water-stained lesion. The light brown, soft rot and the leaf sheath are easily peeled off. When the bulb was damaged, the stem plate was spotted with water stains, light brown to brown, and rotted. Few new roots have emerged, and growth has clearly weakened. Control methods: timely drainage and avoid accumulation of water. At the beginning of the disease, 40% of aluminum alginate, 50% of thioredoxin, 25% of metalaxyl, 58% of thimecine, 64% of antimony, 75% of mancozeb, 72.7% of Prok, and 72% of antibiotics Ling, 32% chlorella EC, epidemic ray, 40% synergistic rapamycin, 15% more suspensions, metalaxyl MnZn, 70% thiophanate-methyl, 64% oxaprozin, 53.8% Killed, 58% Shuangfu, Manganese Zinc, 72% Cream, Net Cream, Cream, Kajitong, Charcoal, and other drugs alternately used, sprayed once every 5-7 days, and severely used 3-5 consecutive drugs. Times. 4. Rust: Amaranth rust mainly infects leaves and pedicels, initially producing yellow dots on the epidermis, which gradually develops into orange or pink small spots on spindles or ovals, and yellow halo around the lesions. Freckle enlargement is large until the epidermis ruptures, orange yellow or pinkish powder is scattered, and both sides of the blade can be stained to cause spotting. The most prominent feature of the disease is rapid development, aggressiveness, and when the disease is severe, the freckle is covered with leaves and Pedicel. The pathogen of Chinese leeks rust is Puccinia striata, which is highly parasitic and has been infected with summer spores. In general, in autumn, winter and summer in Guangdong, when the weather is warm and the humidity is high, it is more likely to be popular especially during drizzle or heavy fog weather. If the variety is poor in disease resistance, partial nitrogen fertilizer is applied too much, the planting density is too dense, and the incidence is heavier when phosphorus and potassium are insufficient. The application of plant ash and trace element foliar fertilizer also helps to improve the disease resistance. Control methods: water can not be too wet, pay attention to field drainage after the rain, take a reasonable formula fertilization, pay attention to increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium sulphate should be used for foliar spraying to increase the disease resistance of plants. Early onset of the disease should be promptly sprayed and controlled, can not be delayed, the drug can choose to use 40% bacteria spit off, 12.5% ​​spot powder off, myclobutanil EC, 20% triazole copper, 25% of the enemy off, 25% rust white powder net, 50 % Carbendrol, 50% Sucrolimus, 50% Propranyl, 70% Carbendazim plus 70% Thiophanate, 75% Mancozeb, 72% Cresol, Tripolitin, Econazole , Tepuazole, 40% or 50% Compound Carbendazim Suspension, Mycotoxin, 40% Fung Ling, 53.8% Can Kill 75% Thiophanate, 25% Powder, Shiga Plus 50 % Carbendazim and other drugs are alternately used for rotation, sprayed once every 5-7 days, and sprayed more than 3-6 times in severe cases to control the disease.
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