Shi Wei was first published in the "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" and was known as the "Qian Jin Cao". It was called "Giant Giant Panda" by the international medicinal plant community. It was called the first of the nine Chinese immortal grasses by Taoism. Because of its wide range of applications and current trends, there are wide variations in quality and prices. Currently, there are many problems with the quality of commercially available stone coffins. In particular, many counterfeit and miscellaneous goods brands such as Tin Maple (or Mapo Dou) are filling the market. Although there have been many different methods of identification, there is still a lack of easy-to-understand methods and specialized modern techniques. To this end, based on relevant data, the author combines many years of practical experience to try to find out the most common identification method from the traits, and then put forward ideas based on the development of the actual situation and modern science and technology for public reference. 1. The drug source traces back Shi Wei, and the current version of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia is the same as the historical version of the Pharmacopoeia and other drug standards. Only five of the most commonly used ones are formally collected: Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe, and Dripping Stone Dendrobium (D). .fimbriatum Hook.vat.oculatum Hook), D. chrysanthum wall, D. candidum Wall.ex Lindl., D. nobile Lindl. However, since ancient times, there have been many medicinal Dendrobium species. According to investigations and records, there are 33 species of Dendrobium original species, but local standards are based on five kinds of pharmacopoeia according to local conditions and resources. Make some additions and deletions. Such as Zhejiang Province, Chinese medicine concocted specifications to increase the income of stem pebbles (copper pebbles) D. Moniliforme(L.)sw. And heavy stone sarcophagus (Gualan stone sarcophagus) D. Hercoglossum Rchb. f. Two. Another example is that Dendrobium huoshanense is one of the earliest species of Dendrobium used in history. It is historically considered to be the best product in Dendrobium. It is a genuine medicinal material produced in Huoshan, Anhui Province. However, it has been overcollected in recent years with few resources and has not been included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. It should be noted that local standards are limited to local use, and other plant species that belong to the same family are considered to be mixed products or counterfeit products. Different species and other counterfeit and mixed varieties should be cleaned up. In addition, due to different types and processing methods, different regions are divided into different commodity categories. For example, in addition to fresh stone sarcophagus in Guangxi, the processed dry products are mainly divided into Dendrobium nobile, Dendrobium nobile, Yellow grass Dendrobium, whip stone Dendrobium, Earrings Dendrobium; Guizhou Huancao, Huangcao, whip whetstones, regardless of the general classification of yellow grass Dendrobium; Dendrobium Dendrobium to some fibrous roots, while frying side twisted into a spiral or spring-like, dried, the pharmacopoeia and most places Both are known as earrings, but Zhejiang and other places have said that the Maple Bucket or Tiefengdou (the young shoot processing is better) is notorious, and its worth is doubled. In reality. Each commodity category is derived from several species of Dendrobium. The common confusion in the same genus is that of Dendrobium D. Ancockii Rolfe, Ju Dian (Golden Ore) D. Jenkinsii Wall. Et Lindl. , dwarf stone sarcophagus (small stone sarcophagus) D. Bellatu-1um Roife, Drumstone Dendrobium D. Chrysotoxum Hindl. , Dendrobium D. Thyrsiflorum Rchb. f. and dense flower D. Densiflorum Linndl. Et Wall. Wait. Common counterfeit products have the same family Shixiantao Pholidota chinensis Lindl. , Yunnan Shi Xiantao P. Yunnancnsis Rolfc and Puccioli P. Pseudobulb pseudopellets of cantonensis Polfe; fritillaris of Ephemerantha (E.) Fimbriata(B1.) Hunt et Summerh. And 戟金石斛(斛金石斛)E. Locho-phylla(Hook.f.)Hunt et Summerh. ;Bulbophyl-lum of Dendrobium lindenii B. Odoratissimum Lindl. The broad-leaved earbush orchid (Otochilus) is 0. Forrestii w. w. Sm. . Stone bulbs, genus Dendrobium, and stone pebbles all have pseudobulbs. They are commonly known as “melons,†and some are known as “having melons.†2, authenticity identification authentic Dendrobium stone ring stem is slender cylindrical, often bent, coiled into a group or tied into, length 11 ~ 40cm, diameter O. 1 O. 3cm, Intersection length O. 4 to 2.3 cm. The surface is golden yellow, shiny, with fine vertical stripes. The material is soft and solid, with a flat section. Qi, tasteless, sticky. The whip stone stem has a long conical shape with a length of 40-120cm, a diameter of 0.5-0.8cm, and an internode length of 3 to 4.5cm. The surface is yellow to dark yellow and has deep vertical grooves. Loose texture, cross-section fiber. Slightly bitter taste. The yellow peony stem has a slender, conical shape with a length of 30 to 100 cm, a diameter of 0.2 to 0.5 cm, and an internode length of 2 to 3.5 cm. The surface is golden yellow to light brown, with vertical grooves. Lightweight, solid, easy to break, slightly fibrous section. Chews sticky. Earrings Dendrobium (Tianpi Fengdou, Fengdou) After removing some of the fibrous roots, the Dendrobium is twisted into a spiral or spring-like shape and dried. Stems spiral or spring-like, usually 2 to 4 threads, stems straight 3.5 to 8 cm long, 0.1 to 0.3 (~0.5) cm in diameter, and 1 to 3.5 cm in internode length . The surface is yellowish-green, with fine longitudinal wrinkles, and some short stubby roots are visible on the stem (commonly known as faucets, and the tip of the stem is commonly known as the phoenix tail). Solid quality, easy to break, flat section. Chews sticky. The lower part of the stem of Dendrobium nobile is cylindrical, and the middle and upper parts are flat and cylindrical. It is slightly curved in the shape of "zigzag" and is 18-42 ca in length and 0.4-l cm in diameter in the middle. Internode length 2.5 to 3cm. The surface is golden yellow, green-yellow, with deep longitudinal sulcus, slightly enlarged nodes, brown, often with gray-brown leaf sheaths. Hard and brittle, loose and flat section. Bitter taste. The above five kinds of genuine cross-section microscopic identification see pharmacopoeia, at present, the most effective method of identification still stay with this. The main characteristics of local habits and adulterants are heavy pebbles (Dendrobium nobile). The stems are non-adhesive, leaf sheath white, loose and amphipathic, and tasteless. The stem of Dendrobium nobile (Dendrobium candidum) stem is fine and its diameter is O. 1～0.2cm, the surface is golden yellow, tasteless. Dendrobium Dendrobium stem surface is smooth, only a few longitudinal grooves, leaf sheath membranous, often persistent, light and crisp, cross-section spongy, tasteless. Dendrobium nobile surface yellow-brown, with a deeper longitudinal groove and sharp longitudinal ribs, leaf sheath as early as the residue or fibrous, easily broken quality, cut off the mask of sparse and soft fibers. The surface of stems of Dendrobium dendrobium is golden yellow, with relatively obtuse longitudinal ribs, and the quality is hard to break. It cuts through the dense and hard coarse fibers of the mask. Polyanthus sarcophagus (Dendrobium nobile) The stem is spindle-shaped, with a length of 3 to 8 cm and a diameter of 0. 1 - 0.2cm, often composed of four sections, internode l ~ 2cm, the surface of gold or yellow-green, some shiny and wrinkles. Light weight, loose texture, light taste. Dwarf stone dwarf stem short, oblong or spindle-shaped, not more than 5cm long, with 2 to 5, the surface is grayish yellow, with a majority of longitudinal edges, leaf sheath part of the deposit, was brown black hair. Pseudo-products of Pholidota (Pholidota) have no upright stems on the ground, only scaled rhizomes, and pseudobulbs are spindles, spindles with long longitudinal wrinkles, long spindles, or ovals. , Ovoid oblong, middle section is thick, two sections are fine; the pseudobulb has 2 round leaf-shaped leaves that hug each other at the top of the bulb, and there are many pits on the surface of the leaf mark. There is a horseshoe-shaped boundary line (two leaves) in the middle. The dividing line of the mark); no links and internodes, light or relatively loose foam. The Ephemerantha plants had erect stems on the ground. The rhizomes were short, with no scales. There was a horseshoe-shaped bud scale mark on the top of the pseudobulb, and a cluster of short fibrous leaf marks remained on the lower side of the bulb. , section sponge. The rhizomes of Lithocarpus lingii were finely cylindrical with diameters of 0.2-0.4 cm, covered with imbricate scales, with obvious nodes. The rhizomes had gold-colored long fiber-like hairs at the apex. The pseudobulb is born in the section and is a spindle-shaped, long-spindle, 2–4.5 cm in length, 0.5–0.9 cm in diameter, irregular longitudinal grooves on the surface, golden yellow or pale greenish yellow, round top Leaf marks, the surface of the majority of round pits and horseshoe-shaped boundary. Gas slightly, tasteless, slightly astringent, chewing sticky. The pseudo-bulbs of Shixian Peach in Yunnan are spindle-shaped oblong or ovate-cylindrical, 2–5 cm long, o.3–0.6 cm in diameter, light yellow-brown to tan on the surface, with irregular fine longitudinal wrinkles. There are round-shaped leaf marks on the top, and there are most types of round pits and slightly horseshoe-shaped dividing lines on the surface of the leaf marks. Gas micro, slightly sweet, slightly astringent, chewing sticky. The pseudophylla pseudophylla leaves are short, oval or ovate oblong, 1-2cm long and approximately 5mm in diameter. The appearance is light gray and yellow, with obvious longitudinal wrinkles, and with a leaf mark at the top. There are most types of circular pits and slightly horseshoe-shaped boundaries. Some pseudobulbs are surrounded by scales, scales are ovate, light yellow-brown, and glabrous. Gas slightly, tasteless, slightly astringent. Alfalfa leaf amphibole is difficult to distinguish because it is very similar to that of alder stone. We compared the use of UV spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography to identify the two, can clearly distinguish between Dendrobium and its counterfeit product, E. urophylla. The tassels of the tassels are pseudo-uniaxial branches with 1 spindle-shaped pseudo-bulb at the top of the branches, 3 to 7 cm long and more compressed, with deep longitudinal grooves. Body easily broken. Stem cross-section pale yellowish white, fibrous; pseudo-bulb cross-section gray, loose. The microscopic features are that the vascular bundles are arranged sparsely, the thin-walled cells are wavy, some pits are clearly visible, and clusters of crystals are occasionally seen. Dalbergia guianensis (fruit on leaves) The pseudobulb is 2-4cm long, with obvious nodes, dense internodes, and firm quality. The cross section is fibrous, leafy and leathery, thick and brittle, and non-adhesive. The medicinal part of the broadleaf ear orchid is the section of the stem above the stem. 3. The quality control traits of fresh sarcophagus are preferably greenish blue, plump and juicy, and chewing stickiness is preferred. Yushi glutinous rice is golden colored, lustrous and soft and soft; earrings are stone crickets (Fengdou or fengpidou). Plump, bright colors, there is a leader Fengtail better. Check the impurities: Those with hard stems, leaves, and fibrous roots or other characters (such as discoloration and too thick) should be less than 5%. Leachings and assays need to be updated in the future. 4. It is suggested that the most simple identification method is the trait item, which should increase the characteristics of the membrane leaf sheath, and increase the depth of the vertical groove and the round tip of the edge. Special attention should be paid to the characteristics of the section, such as the strength and other characteristics of the fiber. (Miscellaneousness and flatness, etc.) In addition, stickiness and taste are also simple and convenient methods for verifying the authenticity and inferiority. Identification should further improve the microscopic identification, microscopic identification of leaf sheath increased on the basis of microscopic identification of cross-section, it is reported that the shape, size of the epidermal cells, the shape and size of the calcium oxalate crystals contained in the leaf sheath under a microscope Distribution, etc., with distinct differences between species, is a more convenient and effective way to identify various types of counterfeit products. Physicochemical identification with the use of test tube coloration and filter paper fluorescence method reported. It is also possible to consider fingerprints composed of peaks in the ultraviolet spectrum, infrared, high-performance liquid, and gas phase peaks. The use of fingerprints to identify authenticity is a modern requirement. Check items include impurity check and acid-insoluble ash check. Dendrobium contains scopolamine, scoparium, dicamba, mucilage, starch and other ingredients. The contained scopolamine has antipyretic and analgesic effects. Shiqi decoction orally can promote the secretion of gastric juice, help digestion; have increased white blood cells, enhance immune function; have lower blood pressure, lower blood sugar. Can be considered to use leachate determination and content determination method to control the quality, the former is a more generalized method, the latter is the use of high performance liquid chromatography to determine the active ingredient or the main component content. In the supervision, attention should be paid to the difference between Tin Maple (or Maple) and other breeds, and special species must be set at a specific price. This kind of mixture must not be used to charge the species, shoddy, and profiteering.
Urine Test Strips 14 Parameters
Measures 14 Different Components of Urine
| Micro albumin | tests for early nephropathy (early kidney disease) |
| Leukocytes | aka white blood cells. Also indicates presence of infection |
| Nitrites | may be a sign of urinary tract infection or other infection |
| Urobilinogen | checks for liver disease |
| Protein | tests for kidney function |
| pH | measures urine acidity, associated with higher risk for kidney stones |
| Blood | can result from infection, injury, inflammation, kidney stones or cancer |
| Specific gravity | evaluates the body's water balance and urine concentration |
| Ascorbate | this test reveals the concentration of ascorbic acid in urine which varies with the intake |
| Ketones | caused by disorders of increased metabolism; also by unbalanced diets such as high protein/low carb, anorexia or fasting |
| Bilirubin | could indicate liver or gallbladder problems such as gallstones, hepatitis, cirrhosis or tumors. |
| Glucose | the most common test for diabetes |
| Creatinine | used in the diagnosis and treatment of renal diseases. It can also be used to monitor renal dialysis, and as a calculation basis for measuring other urine analytes |
How To Test?
1. Remove one strip from the bottle and replace the cap immediately.
2. Immerse the reagent area of the strip in the urine specimen and take it out quickly.
3. Wipe off excess urine against the rim of the specimen container.
4. Read the test results carefully within 60 seconds in a good light and with the test area held near the appropriate color chart on the bottle label. Changes in color that appear only along the edges of the test pads or after moving than 2 minutes have passed are of no diagnostic significance. Results with leukocytes test portion can be read within 120 seconds.If reading instrumentally, carefully follow the directions given in the appropriate instrument operating manual
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