There are many types of tomato diseases in greenhouses and other hazards. With the continuous expansion of cultivated areas and planting for many years, the occurrence of diseases shows new regularities. Old diseases gradually increase, new diseases appear one after another, and many kinds of diseases often occur at the same time. , Alternating, more harmful, more difficult to prevent the cure, according to the above characteristics, put forward the prevention and treatment of tomato diseases in the greenhouse, for reference by growers.
1 Occurrence characteristics of tomato diseases in sunlight greenhouse
1.1 The occurrence of soil-borne diseases is widespread and severe. Once the greenhouse is completed, repeated cropping is inevitable. It is not realistic to change soil every year, and it is easy to cause the accumulation of pathogens in the soil. Fusarium wilt, sclerotinia, and root-knot nematode diseases have become major diseases in many greenhouses and greenhouses, and have spread.
1.2 The occurrence of low-temperature and high-humidity diseases The importance of the microclimate in the solar greenhouse is limited. A good management of fertilizers and water and increased humidity in the greenhouse will objectively promote the occurrence of many low-temperature and high-humidity diseases such as gray mold and late blight, becoming autumn and winter.ä¸»è¦ The main limiting factors for the high-yield cultivation of tomato in the solar greenhouse. According to the production survey over the years, 30% to 40% of production losses have been lost in the heaviest-increased solar greenhouses, and individual plots have been as high as 70%.
1.3 Bacterial Diseases and Viral Diseases Are Increasingly Aggravated For a long time, attention has been paid to the prevention and control of fungal diseases. Bacterial diseases and virus diseases have gradually taken advantage of and gradually increased. Such as bacterial scab, ulcer disease, bacterial wilt and soft rot, etc. are all showing aggravating tendency; virus disease also mainly damages the leaves and turns to harm the fruits.
1.4 New diseases continue to emerge in special cultivation environments. Good ecological conditions have led to the emergence of new diseases that have become new constraints in the production of protected tomatoes. Such as pink pink disease, roundworm disease, etc. have added difficulty to prevention and control work.
1.5 Physiological obstacles are complex and harmful. The adjustable range of temperature and humidity in the solar greenhouse is limited. Once severe weather conditions are encountered, the humidity in the greenhouse, low ground temperature, and poor ventilation will affect the normal growth of tomatoes and affect the root system. Absorption of nutrients causes plant growth disorders and displays a variety of physiological diseases, and aggravates the occurrence of biological diseases. Such as hypothermia, physiological premature aging, fertilizer damage, gas damage and so on.
2 control measures
2.1 Agricultural Prevention and Control
2.1.1 selection of disease-resistant varieties. For example, anti-virus Shuangkang No.2, Zhongshui No.4, Qiangfeng, Zuoyiku, etc.; and the new varieties of GC779 and W733 against root knot nematode introduced from the Netherlands.
2.1.2 Reasonable fertilization. Scientific fertilization, the implementation of formula fertilization, soil testing and fertilization, according to the physiological needs of tomato fertilization, to apply enough organic fertilizer, to avoid partial nitrogen fertilizer, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, timely foliar fertilizer, prevent premature plant failure, enhance disease resistance.
2.1.3 Improve cultivation facilities. Sunlight greenhouses should raise standards as much as possible, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, and hang reflective films; use non-drip films to reduce condensation; full-film coverage, under-film irrigation, preferably build reservoirs in sheds and implement drip irrigation. Effectively reduce air humidity and reduce the possibility of disease occurrence and epidemic.
2.1.4 Rational intercropping and rotation. Continuous cropping can cause imbalance and depletion of nutrients, causing accumulation of bacteria sources and aggravating many diseases. It can be adjusted through scientific cultivation to reduce the occurrence of diseases. For example, tomato can be mixed with leeks to control tomato root rot and wilting diseases; tomato and wormwood can be combined with wormwood to inhibit tomato blight; tomato and cruciferous crop rotations , can effectively control blight and early blight.
2.1.5 clean the pastoral. After harvesting the former crops, the diseased plant residues and weeds should be thoroughly removed, and the soil should be deeply turned over to reduce the sources of indoor primary infection. After the onset of disease, the diseased flowers, diseased fruits, and diseased leaves should be removed in time, or the diseased plants should be removed and brought to outdoor destruction. Can effectively control the spread of the disease.
2.1.6 Landfill transformation. For several consecutive years, soil salinization and soil-borne diseases have been aggravated, and it can be solved by adopting methods for exchanging old soil with new soil. The method is to eradicate topsoil in the plough layer and replace it with non-toxic and fertile Daejeon soil.
2.2 Biological control The breeding of disease-resistant varieties can be achieved using genetic techniques such as genetic modification. Virus diseases can be cultivated by growing points to cultivate non-toxic seedlings and viral vaccines can be used. If the attenuated vaccine N14, developed by the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, is used to seed 1-2 true leaves of the tomato, the washed seedlings are immersed in the 100-fold solution of vaccine N14 for 30 minutes, and then transplanted by seedlings. Generate immunity. Can also use biological pesticides, such as damping-off can be used Trichoderma 0.5kg mixed soil 50kg mixed, and then sprinkled in the base of the stem of the diseased plant, medication 22.5kg/hm2, can effectively control the condition; bacterial wilt can be used 72% of streptomycin Or neomycin-based soluble powder 2 500 ~ 3000 times spray or irrigation control.
2.3 Ecological control Based on the specific conditions in different greenhouses, scientific management and control of temperature and humidity. Keep air humidity as low as possible to avoid high temperature, high humidity, and low temperature and high humidity conditions. The temperature is generally controlled at 20-25°C during the day and 13-15°C at night. Within the suitable temperature range, low temperature management is adopted; reasonable ventilation is required. Watering timely to improve lighting conditions. Seed soaking in warm water of 50-55°C for 10-15min can effectively prevent and cure various species of diseases. Grab the ground during summer and high temperature in the spring and autumn, and disinfect the soil. The method is to lay straw about 4cm thick per square meter, add 0.1kg of lime nitrogen, deep-dip 20cm, and fill the water between the fields and use the old one. After the plastic film is covered and sealed for 10 to 15 days, the surface temperature can be raised to 50 to 60°C, and sterilization and killing of nematodes are significant.
2.4 Chemical prevention Under the premise of familiar with the types of diseases and understanding the nature of pesticides, the right medicine is prescribed; the appropriate drug is used, the method of application is emphasized, and high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and no residual pesticides are selected. The disadvantages of chemical control are minimized, and the pollution-free vegetables are produced. .
1 Occurrence characteristics of tomato diseases in sunlight greenhouse
1.1 The occurrence of soil-borne diseases is widespread and severe. Once the greenhouse is completed, repeated cropping is inevitable. It is not realistic to change soil every year, and it is easy to cause the accumulation of pathogens in the soil. Fusarium wilt, sclerotinia, and root-knot nematode diseases have become major diseases in many greenhouses and greenhouses, and have spread.
1.2 The occurrence of low-temperature and high-humidity diseases The importance of the microclimate in the solar greenhouse is limited. A good management of fertilizers and water and increased humidity in the greenhouse will objectively promote the occurrence of many low-temperature and high-humidity diseases such as gray mold and late blight, becoming autumn and winter.ä¸»è¦ The main limiting factors for the high-yield cultivation of tomato in the solar greenhouse. According to the production survey over the years, 30% to 40% of production losses have been lost in the heaviest-increased solar greenhouses, and individual plots have been as high as 70%.
1.3 Bacterial Diseases and Viral Diseases Are Increasingly Aggravated For a long time, attention has been paid to the prevention and control of fungal diseases. Bacterial diseases and virus diseases have gradually taken advantage of and gradually increased. Such as bacterial scab, ulcer disease, bacterial wilt and soft rot, etc. are all showing aggravating tendency; virus disease also mainly damages the leaves and turns to harm the fruits.
1.4 New diseases continue to emerge in special cultivation environments. Good ecological conditions have led to the emergence of new diseases that have become new constraints in the production of protected tomatoes. Such as pink pink disease, roundworm disease, etc. have added difficulty to prevention and control work.
1.5 Physiological obstacles are complex and harmful. The adjustable range of temperature and humidity in the solar greenhouse is limited. Once severe weather conditions are encountered, the humidity in the greenhouse, low ground temperature, and poor ventilation will affect the normal growth of tomatoes and affect the root system. Absorption of nutrients causes plant growth disorders and displays a variety of physiological diseases, and aggravates the occurrence of biological diseases. Such as hypothermia, physiological premature aging, fertilizer damage, gas damage and so on.
2 control measures
2.1 Agricultural Prevention and Control
2.1.1 selection of disease-resistant varieties. For example, anti-virus Shuangkang No.2, Zhongshui No.4, Qiangfeng, Zuoyiku, etc.; and the new varieties of GC779 and W733 against root knot nematode introduced from the Netherlands.
2.1.2 Reasonable fertilization. Scientific fertilization, the implementation of formula fertilization, soil testing and fertilization, according to the physiological needs of tomato fertilization, to apply enough organic fertilizer, to avoid partial nitrogen fertilizer, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, timely foliar fertilizer, prevent premature plant failure, enhance disease resistance.
2.1.3 Improve cultivation facilities. Sunlight greenhouses should raise standards as much as possible, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, and hang reflective films; use non-drip films to reduce condensation; full-film coverage, under-film irrigation, preferably build reservoirs in sheds and implement drip irrigation. Effectively reduce air humidity and reduce the possibility of disease occurrence and epidemic.
2.1.4 Rational intercropping and rotation. Continuous cropping can cause imbalance and depletion of nutrients, causing accumulation of bacteria sources and aggravating many diseases. It can be adjusted through scientific cultivation to reduce the occurrence of diseases. For example, tomato can be mixed with leeks to control tomato root rot and wilting diseases; tomato and wormwood can be combined with wormwood to inhibit tomato blight; tomato and cruciferous crop rotations , can effectively control blight and early blight.
2.1.5 clean the pastoral. After harvesting the former crops, the diseased plant residues and weeds should be thoroughly removed, and the soil should be deeply turned over to reduce the sources of indoor primary infection. After the onset of disease, the diseased flowers, diseased fruits, and diseased leaves should be removed in time, or the diseased plants should be removed and brought to outdoor destruction. Can effectively control the spread of the disease.
2.1.6 Landfill transformation. For several consecutive years, soil salinization and soil-borne diseases have been aggravated, and it can be solved by adopting methods for exchanging old soil with new soil. The method is to eradicate topsoil in the plough layer and replace it with non-toxic and fertile Daejeon soil.
2.2 Biological control The breeding of disease-resistant varieties can be achieved using genetic techniques such as genetic modification. Virus diseases can be cultivated by growing points to cultivate non-toxic seedlings and viral vaccines can be used. If the attenuated vaccine N14, developed by the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, is used to seed 1-2 true leaves of the tomato, the washed seedlings are immersed in the 100-fold solution of vaccine N14 for 30 minutes, and then transplanted by seedlings. Generate immunity. Can also use biological pesticides, such as damping-off can be used Trichoderma 0.5kg mixed soil 50kg mixed, and then sprinkled in the base of the stem of the diseased plant, medication 22.5kg/hm2, can effectively control the condition; bacterial wilt can be used 72% of streptomycin Or neomycin-based soluble powder 2 500 ~ 3000 times spray or irrigation control.
2.3 Ecological control Based on the specific conditions in different greenhouses, scientific management and control of temperature and humidity. Keep air humidity as low as possible to avoid high temperature, high humidity, and low temperature and high humidity conditions. The temperature is generally controlled at 20-25°C during the day and 13-15°C at night. Within the suitable temperature range, low temperature management is adopted; reasonable ventilation is required. Watering timely to improve lighting conditions. Seed soaking in warm water of 50-55°C for 10-15min can effectively prevent and cure various species of diseases. Grab the ground during summer and high temperature in the spring and autumn, and disinfect the soil. The method is to lay straw about 4cm thick per square meter, add 0.1kg of lime nitrogen, deep-dip 20cm, and fill the water between the fields and use the old one. After the plastic film is covered and sealed for 10 to 15 days, the surface temperature can be raised to 50 to 60°C, and sterilization and killing of nematodes are significant.
2.4 Chemical prevention Under the premise of familiar with the types of diseases and understanding the nature of pesticides, the right medicine is prescribed; the appropriate drug is used, the method of application is emphasized, and high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and no residual pesticides are selected. The disadvantages of chemical control are minimized, and the pollution-free vegetables are produced. .
Fruit Powder,Vegetable Powder,Fruit Extract Powder,Natural Vegetable Powder
Xi'an JCF Herb Technology Development Co., Ltd , https://www.jcfherb.com