Winter wheat planting is about to start from north to south. According to the forecast of the meteorological department, the overall temperature in autumn and winter is high in the whole country. The autumn rain in western China is mostly in the south, which is not conducive to wheat sowing and emergence. In winter, extreme low temperature may occur, which is unfavorable for winter wheat safety. In order to improve the quality of sowing, cultivate strong seedlings before winter, do a good job in field management, and consolidate the basis of high yield of wheat, we now propose technical guidance for autumn and winter wheat in 2016/2017, focusing on 6 key planting techniques, 8 high-yield main push technologies, and 3 Disaster prevention and mitigation technology for reference.
First, planting key technologies
(1) Fine land preparation
In recent years, the experience of drought and freezing of wheat indicates that the wheat seedlings grow relatively normal after being ploughed, deep-slung, and rotated after sown, and the wheat fields that have been repressed after sowing, are affected by drought and freezing. Light; on the contrary, there is no rolling after rotary tillage, and there is no suppression after sowing. The soil in the plough layer is loose, the loss of mites is fast, affecting the secondary root eruption, the wind is permeable in winter, the roots are affected by cold and drought, and the dead seedlings are heavier.
Therefore, the repression after ploughing and the suppression after sowing is an important part of the safe wintering of seedlings. The purpose of tilling the land is to make the wheat field deep in the plough layer, the soil and the plough layer are free of soil, the soil is tight, the ground is flat, the water, fertilizer, gas and heat are coordinated, and the water retention and fertilizer retention capacity is strong. Wheat sowing requirements, create conditions for Miaoquan, Miaozhuang and good growth of plants.
The general principle is to combine the operations of rotary tillage, hoeing, hoeing, shovel, shovel, shovel, shovel, etc. on the basis of ploughing or deep ploughing in the next year, correctly grasp the timing of arable and suitable hoeing, and reduce the time. Tillage costs and energy consumption, to achieve reasonable farming, to ensure the quality of operations.
The first is deep pine ploughing. Deep ploughing or deep loosening of the soil makes the soil soft, and the soil retains water and enhances the ability to retain fertilizer. It is an important technical measure for drought relief. Ploughing can bury organic fertilizers, crop straws, weeds and pests, loosely ploughing, loose soil; reduce soil bulk density, increase porosity, improve permeability, promote aerobic microbial activities and nutrient release; increase soil water seepage, Water storage, fertilizer retention and fertilization capacity. For many years, the wheat field with only rotary tillage before the wheat is formed, and a solid plow bottom layer is formed below 15 cm of the rotary tillage, which affects the infiltration of the roots, the precipitation and the irrigation water. It should be rotated for 2-3 years, and the tillage or deep pine In 1 year, the bottom of the plow was broken.
The second is less tillage and no-till. Although it has the advantages of burying straw and organic fertilizer, controlling weeds and reducing pests and diseases, it has complicated repetitive processes and consumes a lot of energy every year. In the dry years, it also affects wheat due to serious soil loss. Yield. Since the deep tillage effect can be maintained for many years, it is not necessary to deepen the year. Therefore, the soil cultivation before planting can be ploughed once in 2-3 years, and in other years, “less tillage†is adopted, including rotary tillage or shallow tillage.
The third is suppression.耙耢 can break the soil, smash the soil, loose the topsoil, level the ground, collapse the plough layer, upper Panasonic, reduce evaporation, drought and moisture protection; In recent years, the area of ​​rotary tillage in Huanghuai winter wheat area and northern winter wheat area is relatively large. The surface soil of wheat field after rotary tillage is loose. If it is not smashed and then planted, it will lead to deep sowing and deep sowing weak seedlings, which will seriously affect wheat tillering. The occurrence of the resulting spikes is insufficient; it will also cause the loss of sputum soon after sowing, affecting the eruption and sag of the secondary roots, resulting in the death of yellow seedlings in winter.
Repression has the function of compacting soil, crushing clods, and leveling the ground. When the ploughed soil is too loose, the repression can make the plough layer tight, increase the soil moisture content of the plough layer, make the seeds close to the soil, and the roots erupt and spread in time. Long, down to the deep soil, generally deep soil moisture content is relatively high, more stable, even if the upper soil is dry, the root system can absorb water from the deep soil, improve the drought resistance of the wheat seedlings, and the wheat seedlings are neat and robust. Therefore, wheat in the Huanghuai winter wheat area and the northern winter wheat area should be suppressed in time.
(2) Selection of good varieties
According to the region's climate, soil, soil fertility, planting system, production level and pests and diseases, the most suitable varieties should be selected, and seed screening and treatment should be strengthened to improve seed quality.
First, the species are selected according to climatic conditions. According to the climatic conditions of the region, especially the temperature conditions, winter, semi-winter or spring varieties are used. In recent years, some areas of the Huanghuai winter wheat area have been planted in the northerly region, and the southern Huanghuai and Jianghuai areas have selected spring varieties, which appear too fast before winter and spring, and suffer from freezing damage in winter or early spring. phenomenon.
The second is to select good varieties according to the production level. In drought-prone areas, drought-tolerant and drought-tolerant varieties should be selected, and drought-tolerant and fertilizer-tolerant varieties should be planted in dry and fertile soil with high soil layer and high fertility. In high-yield fields with good fertilizer and water conditions, fertilizer-resistant and lodging-resistant varieties with high yield potential should be selected.
The third is to select good varieties according to different farming systems. Wheat-cotton interplanting requires not only wheat varieties to be suitable for late sowing and early maturity, but also to shorten the symbiotic period of wheat and cotton. At the same time, it requires shorter plants, compact plant type and strong edge advantages to fully utilize light energy and enhance photosynthesis. effectiveness.
The fourth is to select good varieties according to the characteristics of local natural disasters. Areas with dry heat and heavy wind should be selected from early maturity, anti-premature aging, and anti-greenness to avoid or reduce the damage of dry hot air.
The fifth is to select the species according to the local pests and diseases. For areas with heavy rust infections, varieties with resistance to rust should be selected. In areas with heavy rain and severe waterlogging in the south, it is recommended to use moisture-resistant, anti-resistant (resistant) scab and long-sleeping seeds.
Sixth is good grain quality and good quality. Including the nutritional quality is good, the processing quality meets the requirements of the finished product, the grain is full, the bulk density is high, and the selling price is high.
Seventh, the selection of good varieties should be tested and demonstrated. It is necessary to replace new varieties according to changes in production conditions and production; prevent large-scale introduction and frequent replacement of varieties without trials; while promoting the promotion of improved varieties in the local area, pay attention to actively introduce new varieties for testing, demonstration, and Good seed breeding work in order to determine the “successful†variety and maintain the high quality of the production seeds.
(3) Chemical dressing
Doing seed coating and dressing with pesticides can delay the onset time of wheat stripe rust, powdery mildew and sheath blight, reduce the incidence of autumn seedlings, lower the source of overwintering bacteria, and control the damage of underground pests at the seedling stage. According to the disease resistance, the degree of disease, the climatic conditions and the cultivation methods of the wheat varieties, the medicinal preparations should be rationally selected and the pesticides should be mixed. Strict seed dressing, prohibiting over-medication; seeding immediately after seed dressing, ready-mixed, ready for use on the same day; appropriate increase in dosage after seed dressing.
(4) Suitable for sowing
The suitable moisture content of the plough layer when the wheat is planted is 70%-75% of the soil relative water content. Seeding under conditions suitable for lyric conditions can ensure a full seedling, so that the seed roots and secondary roots grow out in time, and plunged into the deep soil to improve the drought resistance. Therefore, watering should be done in advance when the sensation is insufficient before sowing.
(5) Suitable sowing
Practice has proved that the sowing time of winter wheat is closely related to the temperature. The average winter season is about 16-18 °C for the winter season, 14-16 °C for the semi-winter variety, and 12-14 °C for the spring variety. Breeding strong seedlings before winter, winter and semi-winter varieties generally ensure that the effective accumulated temperature before winter reaches 550-650 °C. Generally, the northern winter wheat area is from the end of September to the beginning of October, the northern part of Huanghuai winter wheat area is in early October, the southern part of Huanghuai winter wheat area, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River winter wheat area from mid-October to October 25, and the southwest winter wheat area from late October to early November. sowing. When determining the suitable sowing date of winter wheat, it is also necessary to consider the fertility level of wheat fields, pests and diseases, and safe wintering.
(6) Appropriate seeding
Determining a reasonable amount of seeding can obtain a suitable basic seedling number, establish a reasonable group structure, and deal with the contradiction between the group and the individual, which is an important link to coordinate the relationship between wheat growth and development and environmental conditions. Mastered principles:
First, the characteristics of the cultivars mainly refer to the tillering power, the tillering rate and the number of suitable panicles; the second is the sowing of morning and evening, with strong tillering ability and high earing rate, the sowing date is earlier; the third is the horizontal force level and the soil fertility is higher. Under the conditions, the basic seedlings should be thin, and the amount of seeding should be less. In general, the basic seedlings of wheat in the winter wheat area in the north are controlled at 200,000 to 250,000, the northern part of Huanghuai winter wheat area is 150,000-200,000, and the southern part of Huanghuai is 150,000-180,000. After the sowing date is later than the suitable sowing date in the area, the tillering of wheat per plant will be reduced. It is necessary to increase the seeding rate appropriately. Generally, for every one day delay, the basic seedlings will increase by about 10,000, but the maximum should not exceed 350,000.
Second, high-yield main push technology
(1) Wheat standardized seeding technology
Standardized sowing techniques for marmot wheat. Including tillage and land preparation, deep pine, ploughing, deep pine or deep turning, rotary tillage, repression after ploughing, requiring soil to be loose, no ploughing on the plough layer and the surface; the stalk returning to the field should be crushed 2 times, sprinkle After ploughing into the soil or rotary tillage 2-3 times, pay attention to watering and ostomy, if the lyrics are suitable to suppress the collapsed soil; seed coating agent or chemical dressing; do the appropriate, appropriate, appropriate amount of sowing, accurate sowing The depth is consistent, ensuring the quality of sowing, and strengthening the suppression after sowing.
Applicable to the Huanghuai winter wheat area and the northern winter wheat area, including Hebei, Henan, Shandong, northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang and Xiangfan City, Hubei Province.
Standardized sowing techniques for southern rice blast. Including 7-10 days before rice harvest, the water in the field is discharged; after harvesting, it is suitable for sowing, to prevent rotten tillage and rotten seeds; to dig three ditches, drain and reduce the stain; seed coating agent or chemical dressing, suitable seeding in appropriate period, Promote the rice seedling wheat no-tillage machine seeding technology to improve the quality of sowing. Applicable to the winter wheat area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southwest winter wheat area, including rice fields in Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing, etc.
(2) Semi-fine sowing and high-yield cultivation
Semi-precision and high-yield cultivation techniques. In the wheat field with good soil fertility and good fertilizer, choose the appropriate basic seedlings (generally 130,000-200,000 per mu) to build a reasonable group, improve the light conditions in the group, improve the photosynthetic capacity, promote the development of the individual, and make the foot, The ear is large, the grain weight is heavy, the stalk is strong and resistant, and the technical system of high yield, stable production and low consumption is realized.
According to the local ecological conditions, soil conditions and cultivation technology basis, the number of basic seedlings suitable for local semi-finishing can be determined to avoid large-scale seeding. The technology is applicable to the winter wheat area in the Huanghuai winter wheat area and the northern winter wheat area, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including most of the provinces of Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, and high-yielding wheat fields with irrigated conditions in Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Xinjiang. .
(III) Soil testing, formula fertilization and nitrogen fertilizer, high yield and high quality cultivation techniques
Soil testing and formula fertilization technology. It is a fertilizer operation technology based on wheat field soil testing and fertilizer field trials. Mainly for the wheat field with different soil fertility levels, according to the total fertilizer requirement for achieving the target yield of wheat, the fertilizer requirement law and fertilizer effect at different growth stages, based on the rational application of organic fertilizer, the fertilizer (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, Application amount of potassium fertilizer, fertilization period and application method. Applicable to all wheat areas in the country.
According to the production experience, the reference value of suitable fertilization amount for different soil level is: low yield field with yield level of 200-300 kg per mu, pure nitrogen (N) 6-10 kg per acre, phosphorus (P2O5) 3-5 kg, Potassium (K2O) 2-4 kg;
The production level is 300-400 kg per mu, and the application of pure nitrogen (N) 10-12 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 4-6 kg, potassium (K2O) 4-6 kg; yield level is 400- per mu. 500 kg of high-yield fields, applying pure nitrogen (N) 12-14 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 6-7 kg, potassium (K2O) 5-6 kg; production level of 500-600 kg per acre of super high-yield fields, The application of pure nitrogen (N) 14-16 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 7-8 kg, potassium (K2O) 6-8 kg.
Nitrogen fertilizer after shifting high yield and high quality cultivation techniques. Suitable for medium-yield wheat fields and high-yielding wheat fields, it is a cultivation technique that promotes the development of wheat in the middle stage of growth, increases the number of grains per panicle, delays the senescence of wheat during the late growth period, increases the grain weight, and improves the grain quality of strong and medium-gluten wheat. Technical points:
The combination of the bottom-loading nitrogen fertilizer in the middle-yield wheat field and the high-yield wheat field was changed to the base fertilizer and the top dressing. The nitrogen fertilizer in the middle-aged field accounted for 60% of the total fertilization amount, and the top-loading period applied 40%; the high-yield field bottom nitrogen fertilizer accounted for 50% of the total fertilization amount. 50% during the jointing period. It is mainly applied to the 35-38° north latitude Huanghuai winter wheat area and the northern winter wheat area, including Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Xinjiang and other places with strong gluten wheat and medium-fat wheat fields with good irrigating conditions and fertility.
(4) Water-saving and high-yield cultivation techniques
High-yield cultivation techniques for water-saving winter wheat in the north. It is a cultivation technique that adjusts soil water, reduces the number of irrigations, and increases the yield and water utilization rate. In areas with annual precipitation of 500-700 mm, this technology can be used to grow 1-2 water per mu in the growing period of wheat. -500 kg. Technical points:
One is to pour the bottom of the water before planting, and turn the irrigation water into soil water.
Second, the plant type is more compact, with high ear volume, early maturity, drought tolerance, multi-flower and medium-grain varieties.
The third is suitable for the appropriate late-seeded wheat field. The wintering seedling age is 3-5 leaves, which not only reduces the water consumption before winter, but also provides time for the full-fledged summer maize.
Fourth, the phosphorus fertilizer of wheat and corn is concentrated and applied to wheat, and the amount of nitrogen in the base fertilizer is appropriately increased.
The fifth is to appropriately increase the basic seedlings and reduce the line spacing to 15 cm to ensure the quality of the seeding.
Sixth, spring irrigation and water are from jointing to booting stage, and the best combination of spring and water is water-saving and flowering water. Applicable to the northern winter wheat area and the Huanghuai winter wheat area, mainly including wheat fields with relatively lack of water resources such as Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, and central and northern Henan.
Wheat deep pine - less no-tillage - suppression of high-yield cultivation techniques. On the basis of straw returning to the field, deep pine breaks the bottom of the plow, increases soil water storage, promotes the use of deep water under the root system; spins and breaks the waste, and drives the straw into the topsoil to improve the ability to protect the soil; , cultivate a complete set of cultivation techniques such as strong seedlings. Technical points:
First, the straw was returned to the field, and it was smashed twice with a straw returning machine.
The second is rumors. The relative water content of the suitable plough layer of wheat is 70%-75%. Below this value, it should be watered for ostomy, 40 cubic meters per mu.
The third is to use a vibrating subsoiler to loosen it once every 2-3 years, with a depth of 30 cm.
The fourth is to use a rotary tiller to rotate 2 times, the depth is 15 cm.
The fifth is to crush or suppress after the rotary tillage, to break the shovel, to plow the plough layer, and to protect against drought.
Sixth, sowing with a planter with a pressure roller, no suppression wheel or suppression of poor quality wheat fields, to post-suppression, to ensure emergence, improve drought resistance. Applicable to the northern winter wheat area and the Huanghuai winter wheat area, including Hebei, Shandong, Henan, northern Jiangsu, northern Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other places.
(5) Straw planting and rice planting with rice planting techniques
Rice buckwheat (free) tillage machine seeding technology. It is the main planting method for the promotion of rice cultivars in southern China. It saves labor and has high efficiency. The seeding rate is easy to control, and the depth of the soil is consistent and evenly distributed, which is conducive to high yield and stable yield. This method requires rice to be harvested earlier, timely and timely, and the moisture is suitable (the soil water content is less than 80% of the field water holding capacity), the soil is suitable for ploughing, and the seeding machine and the trenching machine are required. Technical points:
First, preparation before sowing, 7-10 days before rice harvest, timely release of water and drying the field, rice cutting height should not exceed 10 cm, when the total amount of straw is returned to the field, the straw cutting length is less than 8 cm, and the base fertilizer is applied, and the fertilizer and organic fertilizer are applied. Spread evenly on the soil surface.
The second is to use high-yield, high-quality and anti-drip, anti-wet, anti-disease (mainly powdery mildew, scab, sheath blight) strong varieties, seed coating or pesticide dressing.
The third is to plant at the right time to improve the quality of the planting. Jiangsu, Anhui Huainan area from the end of October to the beginning of November, Huaibei area from October 5 to 20, Hubei Province from late October to early November, the use of less no-till drills, one operation to complete smashing, shallow rotation, open Six procedures, such as troughing, sowing, covering soil, and repressing, should be carried out by deep-spinning and smashing the straw to ensure the quality of sowing. The sowing should be suitable for sowing depth, uniformity of depth, uniform emergence, and reasonable seedling volume. .
The fourth is to open the ditch. After the sowing, use the trencher to excavate the trench inside the field, evenly spread the ditch to cover the wheat ridge, reduce the dew, and prevent the seedling.
The fifth is to use nitrogen fertilizer to move back, bottom nitrogen fertilizer and jointing stage fertilizer combination; chemical weeding, chemical control, anti-fall, drainage and dehumidification, "one spray three defense" and other supporting technologies. Applicable to the 30-35° north latitude, mainly including rice field in Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing and Shandong.
Rice buckwheat dew sowing straw cultivation techniques. Based on the technology of no-tillage and small nesting, the mechanical exposure and straw cover are the core contents, which have made the four aspects of increasing production, increasing efficiency, fertilizing soil and improving the environment harmoniously developed. 80% of rice cultivars in the southwestern region are cultivated without no-tillage, and the former rice stalks are mainly returned to the field by means of cover. There are usually two forms:
Seeds were planted on the surface of no-tillage soil using a 2BJ-2 simple planter, and the straw was artificially covered; when the rice was harvested, the straw was chopped and sprinkled, and the 2BFMDC-6 planter was used for no-till sowing. Both methods require that the rice field be drained in time in the middle and late stages of rice filling, and the soil should be dried to make the soil dry when the rice is harvested, so as to avoid excessive damage to the field by the harvester.
In the first way, the straw can be stalked or chopped; the second method requires the harvester to be semi-feeding, and a straw dispersing device is installed, and the straw is cut into 5-8 cm segments and uniformly dispersed in the field. Easy to seed. When rice is harvested, it is ditched and drained. It is chemically weeded 7-10 days before sowing. The basic seedlings are 150,000-200,000 mu, covering 200-300 kg of straw. Applicable to the southwest winter wheat area, including Sichuan, Chongqing and western Hubei, northern Fujian, northern Hebei and southern Shaanxi.
(6) High-yield cultivation techniques of drought buckwheat in the south
Most of the southern dry marmots are corn, soybean, sweet potato and other crops, as well as cash crops such as cotton and peanuts.
First, the sowing period of wheat is greatly affected by rainfall. In dry years, the sowing date will be postponed due to lack of moisture. In the rainy years, the sowing date needs to be postponed due to soil stickiness.
Second, the quality of the land preparation is poor and the spreading area is large.
Third, all chemical fertilizers are more common.
Fourth, some years have a seasonal drought and need supplementary irrigation.
Fifth, the pests and diseases are heavier. The southern wheat buckwheat has great potential for increasing yield.
Technical points:
The first is to plant seeds at appropriate intervals, and arrange the sowing date according to the ecological conditions and variety characteristics of the region.
The second is to select good varieties and avoid the use of spring-yellow varieties in Huaibei and Jianghuai areas to avoid winter and spring freezing damage.
The third is to improve the planting and improve the quality of seeding.
The fourth is the shift of nitrogen fertilizer, and the base fertilizer is combined with the rising period or the topping stage. The fifth is to strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases. Applicable to the 30-35° north wheat area, including Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing and southern Henan, except for rice and wheat.
(VII) Plastic film mulching and straw mulching technology in dry land
Dryland wheat mulching technology. It mainly covers the mulch through the surface, protects water and water, and raises the ground temperature, so that the dryland wheat can obtain high yield and stable yield, and it can be cultivated by film mulching and mulching with film and mulch.
Film mulching and mulching cultivation technology. It is a semi-closed water-holding cultivation technique in the field. Technical points:
First, the wheat was immediately ploughed and smashed immediately after harvesting.
The second is to apply enough base fertilizer and concentrate on the bottom.
The third is to ridge the membrane half a month before sowing. It can be machined or erected by animal force, mulching, and seeding. It can also be erected with artificial animal power first, then seeded with double-row animal seeder. The distance between the ridge is 50-60 cm and the bottom of the ridge is 25-30. Centimeter, ridge height 10 cm, ridge top is curved, ridge cover film, planting ditch 30 cm between two ridges, planting wheat, wheat row spacing 20 cm, planting two rows, the film is pressed tightly on both sides, and The ridge is separated by 3-4 meters, and a belt is worn to prevent the wind from uncovering the film.
The fourth is to use medium-stalk varieties with strong tillering power, high ear-forming rate, large spikes, large grain weight, and high yield. Generally, the water-fertilized varieties in the irrigated land with strong drought resistance can be selected as the varieties cultivated in dry land.
Fifth, the sowing period is delayed by 5-7 days than the local open field cultivation, and the sowing amount is appropriately reduced. Sixth, after the sowing, the film protection of the wintering period is strengthened, the wind is peeled off, the film is prevented from being hit by humans and animals, and the soil is loosened after the rain.
The mulch film is covered with a seeding cultivation technique. Land preparation, fertilization, variety selection, sowing date, and sowing amount are the same as those of ridge-covering. The difference is that the ridge is not covered, the mulch film is tiling, and the hole is used for drilling. The 30,000-70,000 holes per mu, 4-6 holes per hole. At present, the hole-seeding machine selected for production can be completed by filming, punching and seeding.
The mulch film was made of polyethylene microfilm with a width of 140 cm, each row of 7 rows of wheat, with a row spacing of 20 cm, a hole spacing of 10 cm, a width between 20 and 30 cm, and a seeding depth of 3-5 cm. After the broadcast, every 2-3 meters, you should use a belt to play with the soil. After sowing, it is necessary to check the seedlings in time to replant. When the seedling growth occurs, the seedlings should be seeded in time, and the seedlings should be kept in the back of the hole.
Straw cover technology. It is a cultivation technique that restores the straw to the surface and protects the water and fertilizes the soil. The mulching film and straw mulching technology is suitable for the wheat fields in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu in the northwestern part of the northern winter wheat area. The northern part of Hebei and the northwestern part of Henan can also be used for reference.
(8) Wheat "one spray three defense" technology
"One spray three defense" technology. It is a mixture of fungicides, insecticides, plant growth regulators or foliar fertilizers on the foliage after the heading of the wheat to the grain filling stage, and the purpose of preventing disease, preventing insects and preventing premature aging by one application. The effect of increasing the grain weight is obtained. "One spray three defenses" should be carried out 1-2 times according to the occurrence of pests and dry hot winds. The main diseases in this period were powdery mildew, rust, scab, and sheath blight, and the main diseases in different wheat areas were different.
Insect pests mainly include aphids and midges. The meteorological disaster that causes premature aging of wheat is dry hot wind. Spraying 0.2%-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the foliage can improve the ability of wheat to resist dry hot air. This technology is applicable to all kinds of wheat areas in the country. However, according to the occurrence of pests and diseases in different wheat areas and the occurrence of dry hot winds, it is necessary to formulate key prevention and control objects suitable for “one spray and three preventions†in this area, and determine fungicides, insecticides, and plant growth regulation. The type and formulation of the agent or foliar fertilizer.
There are many dry hot winds in the winter wheat area of ​​Huanghuai and the winter wheat area in the north, and the aphids are heavy. The "one spray three prevention" should focus on prevention of dry hot wind, aphids, larvae and powdery mildew, and take into account rust prevention. Huanghuai winter wheat area should pay attention to prevention and control. Scab. The incidence of scab in the winter wheat area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is high. It should focus on prevention of scab, powdery mildew, aphids and larvae, and take precautionary measures against premature aging. The incidence of stripe rust in the southwestern wheat area is high. The "one spray three prevention" should focus on the prevention and control of stripe rust, scab, powdery mildew and aphids, and take precautionary measures against premature aging.
Third, disaster prevention and mitigation technology
(1) Drought prevention
Before wintering, the wheat fields and straw returned to the field, the rotary tillage, the soil that is not suspended in the soil, the winter water is poured in time, and the seedlings are safely wintered. The winter irrigation time is generally carried out when the daily average temperature is stable at 3-4 ° C and the water can be infiltrated in time.
Advocate water-saving irrigation, prohibit flooding of large water, timely raking after irrigation, loosening soil to prevent cracking on the surface, and avoiding wind and root damage. For wheat fields with suitable soil moisture, high land preparation quality, sufficient base fertilizer, normal growth and suitable population, the winter water may not be poured before winter. For wheat fields without watering conditions, it is necessary to timely ensure the protection after each rain.
After returning to green, in the drought-prone wheat fields, where there are water sources, in accordance with the principle of “water-based pouring and preserving sputum-basedâ€, vigorously promote drought-resistant and water-saving technologies such as sprinkler irrigation and Xiaobailong, pay close attention to watering, drought-resistant and seedling, and strengthen fertilizer and water management. Heavy application of joint fertilizer, skillful application of grain fertilizer, ensure the physiological water and nutrient supply of wheat, increase the tillering rate, increase the number of kernels and grain weight.
(2) Antifreeze
The types of wheat freeze damage in China mainly include winter frost damage, early spring frost damage (cold spring cold) and low temperature chilling damage. The techniques for preventing freezing damage include selecting suitable varieties for winter and spring, sowing seeds in appropriate seasons, improving seeding quality, and cultivating strong seedlings. The strain technique for remedying wheat frost damage is followed by timely application of nitrogen fertilizer and watering after freezing. Suitable for all winter wheat areas.
(3) Prevention of pests and diseases
Seed coating can effectively prevent and control a variety of seedling pests and diseases, and use imidacloprid and acetophenone-diphenylcarbazole suspension seed coating agent to coat and control root rot, sheath blight and aphids and underground pests. In the always-existing area of ​​total eclipse, the seed dressing is carried out by using a difenotropium suspension seed coating agent or a silthiafamide suspension seed dressing. Use the medicine according to the pesticide label when coating and seed dressing.
For wheat stripe rust, select resistant varieties, achieve reasonable distribution of resistant sources and regular rotation of varieties; strengthen seed dressing, use seed weight 0.03% (active ingredient) triadimefon, ie 25% triazolone wettable powder 15g Mixed with 150 kg or 12.5% ​​diniconazole (spectrazole) wettable powder 60-80 g mixed with 50 kg of wheat, requires dry mix and side-by-side sowing; when the diseased leaf rate in the field reaches 0.5%-1% Use triazolone (10-12 g/mu) or diniconazole (6-8 g/mu) or tebuconazole (8-10 g/mu) to control with 25 kg of water.
For wheat scab, it should be mixed with cylamellate and tebuconazole (28 g/mu), carbendazim (50 g/mu) or thiophanate-methyl (70 g) from the beginning of wheat to the beginning of flowering. / acre) 25 kg spray prevention against water. In the case of rainy, dew or foggy weather lasting more than 2 days, or in the area where the scab is frequent, the second spraying should be carried out 5 days after the first application to improve the control effect.
This article URL: 2016/2017 wheat autumn and winter planting technical guidance wheat planting technical guidance
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