The main purpose of pollution-free cultivation of grapes is to protect the natural environment and human health. The plant protection policy of “prevention-based, comprehensive prevention and control†should be adopted in pest control of grapes. The specific measures are based on phytosanitary measures, based on agricultural control, combined with biological and physical control, and scientific application of chemical control. To achieve economic, safe and effective control of grape pests and diseases.
First, the introduction of quarantine grape seedlings
Quarantine of grape seedlings can effectively limit the spread and spread of dangerous pests and prevent the invasion of pests and diseases from other places. The current quarantine pests of grape in our country mainly include: root cancer bacteria, white rot bacteria, black spot pathogens, root nodules and so on. In recent years, grapes have developed rapidly as a highly efficient economic fruit tree. The implementation of pollution-free cultivation, first of all, in the introduction of grape seedlings should be planned and organized introduction of seedlings that have passed the phytosanitary inspection. From the roots to prevent grape virus, bacteria and quarantine pests on the local invasion.
Second, strengthen integrated agricultural control
1. Select pest-resistant varieties and rootstocks: Each grape variety or rootstock has different resistance to pests and diseases. Grapes have been cultivated through many years of practice in the country, Jufeng series of varieties against black bean disease, anthrax, etc.; Triploid European and American hybrids (Venus, Mars, Xia, etc.) against downy mildew, white rot, etc.; Eurasian species The majority of the species in the group had poor local disease resistance; SO4, 5BB in rootstocks were resistant to root nodules and root nematodes; while Huajia No. 8 was resistant to root rot. Therefore, in the introduction of grape varieties and rootstocks, the selection of pest-resistant rootstocks and varieties is one of the most basic measures in the prevention and control of pest-free pests in grapes.
2. Scientific fertilization: Rational distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium according to grape growing seasons. According to the growth characteristics of different varieties, yield and soil conditions on the site of the plant, the method of soil testing formula was used to determine the amount of fertilizer, promote the normal development of the plant, and enhance the disease resistance of the tree. The types of fertilizers should be mastered with the principle of applying less organic fertilizer and increasing the application of phosphorus and potassium.
3, reasonable pruning: reasonable pruning can adjust the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth of grapes, sparse over dense foliage, too much fruit (corn) can increase tree vigor and improve the tree ventilation and light conditions. It will help improve the disease resistance of plants and reduce the risk of diseases and insect pests.
4. Ear-sacking: After the ear has passed the bagging, it can avoid the damage and spread of pests and grapes on the grape fruit, while avoiding the pollution of the fruit when the chemical medicine is controlled. Time for bagging fruit or grapes? What? Immediately after the measures (fruit thinning and fruit swelling), the younger the fruit period, the better. Ear bagging is currently the main measure for grape pollution-free cultivation.
5, shelter from rain cultivation: grape downy mildew, black pox, white rot, brown spot and other diseases most of the rain is the main way to spread germs. In cultivation, a series of buildings, single buildings, and simple rain-proof membrane shelters are constructed in the vineyard to prevent rain. When the plants sprout in spring, they begin to coat, depending on the species? What? Remove the film before the leaves. Grape plants can be very effective in reducing the incidence of disease by sheltering from the rain.
Third, physical control
1, trapping pests: the use of insecticidal lamps, sex attractants to induce pests to kill. According to the insect pest observation and forecast, the adult insects that attract pre-laying eggs, such as insecticidal lamps, sexual traps, and sweet and sour liquids, are preliminarily collected and killed before the emergence period of insect pests (or mature larvae) in the park.
2, the four seasons clearing the park: at any time in the vineyard to clear litter, stale fruit, branches and old skin, weeds and other centralized treatment. Four seasons to keep the park clean and reduce the source of pests.
3, winter turnover insecticide: After the winter, the vineyard combined with the soil for deep turning to kill underground overwintering pests.
4. Insect pests: Before the convulsions in early spring, the vineyards cover the tree plates with mulch to prevent insects from growing on the ground. Conditions can be set up to support the establishment of (avoid rain cultivation) laying insect nets.
5, timely pruning: the grape winter cut, wipe buds, picking the heart, thinning branches, sparsely, fruit thinning, ring cutting, girdling and other treatment should avoid fog and rain weather, so as to avoid the wound caused by the rain dip.
6. Manual capture: Artificially catch Tianlong adults in the garden from the end of April to the beginning of May.
7, the grass to receive insects: In the first half of the normal fall of the grapes (local October), in the grape main stem and the main branch at the junction of the bundle of grass to collect pre-warm overwintering pests. After the plants have fallen, the grass is burned.
Fourth, biological control
1. Protection and utilization of natural enemies of pests: The natural enemies of pests can be divided into two major categories: predatory and parasitic. Predation includes mainly ladybugs, grasshoppers, insectivorous elephants, cockroaches, food-feeding flies, birds, and the like. Parasitism includes parasitoids, parasitic flies, and parasites. Measures for the protection and utilization of natural enemies of pests: The first is to improve the ecological environment in the vineyards, and to use non-chemical agents as much as possible in the treatment of grape pests and diseases. The second is to plant green manure in the garden. Planting dense-source plants near the garden promotes the reproduction of natural enemies of pests. The third is to protect birds from killing. Fourth, when using chemical drugs to prevent and treat pests and diseases, prudent medication should be used to minimize the number of medications.
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