Cultivation Techniques of Tomato in Greenhouse in Winter

Also known as tomato, the fruit is rich in nutrients and has a special flavor. It is one of the most popular fruits and vegetables in the world. The United States, Russia, Italy and China are the main producing countries. There are large areas of greenhouses, plastic greenhouses and other protected areas in Europe and the United States, China and Japan to cultivate tomatoes in order to ensure the off-season supply. In recent years, the area where tomatoes are grown in greenhouses in various parts of China is gradually expanding.

1 Variety selection

The new tomato variety suitable for planting in January is the "Beiying" tomato. This variety was introduced by the Swiss Syngenta Seed Co., Ltd., and its characteristics are: hybrid first-generation big red tomato; unlimited growth type, strong growth potential, medium internodes; easy fruit setting, uniform fruit, round and slightly flat fruit, 34 ventricles ; The average weight of a single fruit is about 200g, the fruit is hard, resistant to storage and transportation; resistant to leaf mold, fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt, root rot, gray spot, gray mold and tomato mosaic virus disease. In addition to being very suitable for cultivation in greenhouses, Beiying’s advantages are pressure resistance, long shelf life, high yield, strong stress resistance, and high fruit hardness, with a hardness of 7 (1 means soft, 9 means partial hard).

2 Sowing and nursery

Planting is generally done in early January. If you add a small arch and cover the plastic shed, the planting date can be advanced appropriately.

Before soaking or treating with medicament, the seeds should be sun-dried for 23 days on a sunny day to improve the germination potential and make the buds strong and tidy. Soak the seeds with 50% carbendazim 500 times solution for 0.5h, rinse with clean water, then soak in warm water for 5h, and then soak the seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 0.5h, remove and rinse with clean water for germination . When accelerating germination, put the seeds that have absorbed enough moisture into a gauze bag, cover them with a wet towel, and place them in an environment of 2530℃ (*use an oven) for germination. Wash them with water at the corresponding temperature 12 times a day. After 23 days, 50% of the seeds When it is white, you can sow.

It is recommended to use plug seedlings. The nutrient soil for seedlings can be prepared with 3 parts of fertile garden soil + 1 part of fully decomposed circle fertilizer (smashed, sieved and mixed). Add 3kg of superphosphate and diphosphate per cubic meter of nutrient soil. Potassium hydrogen 0.25kg, 95% hymexazol 4g, 50% phoxim and sauteed fragrant bran are mixed in a ratio of 1:200 to 0.25kg of poison bait, which is fully mixed and ready for use. The nutrient soil used must be fully decomposed and undergo strict disinfection and insecticidal treatment.

Put the prepared nutrient soil into the plug (or nutrient cup), discharge it in the greenhouse, and pour enough water. Sow 1 seed per hole (or each nutrient cup) of the promoted seeds, and cover 0.8cm of soil. Keep the seedbed temperature at 2528℃. If the temperature in the greenhouse is not enough, use heating equipment or build a middle shed or small arch shed to increase the temperature. .

Attention must be paid to the air humidity and soil humidity in the seedling during the entire seedling period. China Agriculture Net recommends spraying the seedbed several times with drugs such as Dakonin, antitoxin alum or Jinlei to prevent blast and damping-off during the seedling period. Disease. Before transplanting, spray the entire plant with Akte once again to prevent aphids and whitefly.

Generally, the seedlings in the large shed are covered with small arch sheds. After the seedlings are fully ventilated, the small arch sheds should be ventilated in time. Tomato cultivation techniques in the solar greenhouse in winter and spring and watering according to soil moisture. Use small water when watering, and do not wash down the seedlings. . In time, keep strong seedlings and eliminate weak ones, and cut seedlings that are too tall or too short to keep the seedling height basically the same. In mid-March, the transplanted seedlings should meet the standard of strong seedlings: plant height 2025cm, short internodes, thick stalks, consistent up and down; 78 true leaves, long palm-shaped leaves, thick green and thick leaves, no spots ; Seedling buds, 50d seedling age, this is the basis for precocity. Generally, the ground temperature is above 10°C and the average temperature in the shed is stable at 58°C before transplanting. When transplanting, use dark water for planting (referring to watering in the planting hole first, and then transplanting when the water has just penetrated into the soil), and avoid flooding with flooding.

3 Fertilization and transplanting

Adequate base fertilizer is the key to achieving high yield, high quality and high efficiency for "Beiying" tomatoes. Choose soil with a medium fertility level. Generally, 10000kg of decomposed soil fertilizer or 68m3 of retorted chicken manure is applied per 667m2. Three-component compound fertilizer 100kg, 30kg of diammonium hydrogen phosphate, 2kg of zinc sulfate, 1kg of boron fertilizer, etc. Spread the fertilizer evenly on the ground, deep plough and turn the ground 2530cm, and 23 times, then level the ground, and ridge the ridges in the north-south direction according to the plan. The cultivation density is 2.53 plants per square meter, the plant spacing is 4550cm, the row spacing is 7580cm, and 667m2 protects about 1800 seedlings (667m2 nursery seedlings are about 78g).

4 Field management measures

4.1 Use growth hormone to preserve flowers and fruits

The phenomenon of tomato fruit dropping often occurs in the shed, which is a very important and difficult problem in production, mainly caused by environmental factors. Too high or low temperature, insufficient light, lack of water, insufficient organic nutrition, etc. can cause fruit drop; the night temperature at the seedling stage is lower than 15°C, and poor flower buds can also cause flower drop and fruit deformity. Facility cover cultivation of tomatoes, the plant grows vigorously in the early stage, and it is easier to drop flowers and fruits. Using tomato spirit and other growth hormones to ensure fruit and increase yield is one of the feasible measures in cultivation. For leggy seedlings with dense foliage, spray chlormequat or potassium dihydrogen phosphate to inhibit vegetative growth and promote fruit setting. Use Fengchanji No. 2 for flower spotting, and focus on each spike as much as possible. Don’t open one flower or one flower. You don’t need to order too small or too big buds; or use 30mg/kg tomatoes for 3 inflorescences. For ling soaking flowers, if necessary, pick the heart early. Generally, all fruits will sit after 5 days; you can also pinch off the first flower of each spike. Special attention should be paid to the fact that "Beiying" tomatoes are more sensitive to hormones, so you must not increase the concentration without authorization. *Use 2/3 of the recommended concentration in the instructions. It is recommended to add 0.5% sukolin to the hormone to prevent gray mold.

4.2 Plant adjustment

Hanging vines are carried out when the *inflorescence is blooming. Pruning and branching are carried out at the same time. Single-stem pruning is used to remove all side branches to facilitate ventilation and light and reduce unnecessary consumption of nutrients; topping when the main stem has 57 ears of fruit, when each ear When the remaining 4 fruits are about to be harvested, cultivate one side branch to continue to grow and bear fruit, remove the old leaves from the lower part of the main stem, and place the vines down; the side branches are left with 23 ears before topping, and then re-culture the side branches to continue to grow and bear fruit. And so on in the future. But it should be noted: one is that only one side branch can be left at a time; the other is that the side branch can not be left too early, so as not to affect the fruit expansion.

4.3 Thinning flowers and fruits

"Beiying" tomatoes have many flowers and are easy to set fruits. Each inflorescence usually has more than 10 flowers and more than 6 fruits. In production, it is generally required to keep 34 fruits in the ear flower, 45 fruits in the second flower ear, and 56 fruits in the other flower ears. Excess flowers and fruits are removed in time to promote the uniform growth of fruits and increase the commodity rate.

4.4 Water and fertilizer management

This species is more sensitive to magnesium, so care should be taken to apply magnesium fertilizer. After watering the fixed root water, do not water before the ears of fruit sit, "squat the seedlings" to promote the roots to pierce down, promote the lower control and the upper to lay a good foundation for high yield. When the size of the *walnut fruit, the size of the faba bean of the second fruit, and the flower bud of the third fruit have just bloomed, the "squatting seedling" is finished, and watering is started. Watering once every 1015d, combined with watering, apply potassium nitrate compound fertilizer 10kg per 667m2. After the fruit is harvested, apply 20kg potassium nitrate compound fertilizer every 667m2. Pay special attention to not applying large water and large fertilizer during the whole growth period.

4.5 Reasonable use of ethephon for ripening

The red ripeness of tomato fruits is mainly due to the strengthening of respiration and the production of ethylene. In spring, the temperature is low, and the red ripeness of the fruit is slower. You can spray with 5001000mg/kg of ethephon to promote the ripening of the fruit.

5 Pest control

Follow the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive control". When spraying pesticides, spray evenly on the front and back sides of the leaves and on the stems, and use different pesticides alternately.

5.1 Muscle Rot

In recent years, tendon rot has a tendency to occur more frequently in greenhouses. The symptoms are uneven fruit surface, individual fruit becomes dark brown or necrotic spots, fruit core becomes hard or flesh brown, and loses commercial value. This disease is a physiological disease, and the degree of damage depends on factors such as variety, temperature, light intensity, and unreasonable fertilization.

Control methods: apply more fully decomposed organic fertilizers to improve the soil and promote root development; keep the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 10℃ and the ground temperature at 510cm not lower than 12℃; use less ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and change to potassium nitrate fertilizer; After the cloudy day, when it is first sunny, spray foliar fertilizer at noon, and put the curtain to shading for half an hour to prevent long-term exposure of strong light; do not flood with flood in winter.

5.2 Umbilical rot

Umbilical rot is also a physiological disease, which is mainly manifested in the appearance of water-soaked spots on the navel of the young fruit, which gradually expands, causing the top of the fruit to sink and gradually turn brown. Causes of disease: excessive application of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer makes the proportion of ammonium nitrogen in the soil solution too high, which affects the absorption of calcium ions by tomatoes; the ground temperature is too low in winter and stays below 15 ℃ for a long time, which affects the roots’ influence on calcium, magnesium, and calcium. Absorption of elements such as boron; sudden droughts and floods in the field, especially during droughts, causing abnormal water supply; excessive application of potassium chloride and potassium sulfate fertilizers affects the absorption of calcium by plants.

Prevention measures: increase the application of decomposed organic fertilizers, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, promote the development of roots and the absorption of various nutrients; prevent the soil from being too dry to avoid sudden droughts and floods; from the first flowering period, spray calcium nitrate on the leaf surface every 13 days Fertilizer; pay attention to heat preservation in the greenhouse in winter to prevent the ground temperature from being too low.

5.3 Early blight

It is one of the important diseases of tomato, which mainly damages the leaves, but also the stems and fruits. After the leaves are damaged, concentric ring patterns appear in the middle of the leaves, with light green and yellow halos on the edges, and burr-like unevenness on the surface of the ring patterns; after the fruit is damaged, the fruit surface near the receptacle will produce depressions, which are nearly oval and dark Brown with black mold on the surface. When the disease occurs severely, it causes falling leaves, fruit falling and broken branches, which has a great impact on yield.

There are various drugs and methods to prevent and treat the disease. Can you spray 58% metalaxyl before the onset? Chemical control such as manganese zinc and antiviral alum; it can also be controlled by spraying chlorothalonil dust at the early stage of the disease; chlorothalonil fumigant can be used for fumigation in the evening during the growth period. In addition, seed treatment and planting disease-resistant varieties are also effective methods.

5.4 Late blight

It is a very epidemic fungal disease, which mainly damages leaves and fruits, and can also attack stems. After the leaves are infected, the disease usually starts from the lower leaf tip or leaf edge of the plant. At first it is a green water-stained spot with an inconspicuous edge, and then becomes brown when enlarged; the fruit shows irregular gray-green water-stained hard spots Block, then turn brown or dark brown.

The disease should be treated with chemicals immediately after the central diseased plant appears. Commonly used agents are Priquex water. It is also possible to control the ecological conditions from the seedling stage to prevent high humidity in the shed; or plant disease-resistant varieties.

5.5 Leaf mold

It is another important disease of tomato and has a trend of continuous development. It mainly damages leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. Damaged leaves, irregular or elliptical light yellow chlorotic spots appear on the leaf surface; a white mildew layer on the back of the leaf, the later mildew layer becomes grayish brown or dark brown velvet; the diseased spots on the fruit are round, hardened and slightly sunken , Making the fruit inedible.

This disease can be prevented by continuous spraying of carbendazim wettable powder, thiophanate-methyl wettable powder and other agents after removing the lower old leaves at the initial stage of onset. It can also be controlled by agricultural cultivation measures, such as three-year crop rotation with melons and legumes, and increased application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

5.6 Botrytis

It is a newly developed fungal disease that has caused great economic losses and has posed a serious threat to greenhouse tomato production. The disease mainly damages the shoots of plants, such as leaves and fruits. The diseased leaves mostly start from the tip of the leaf, and the diseased spots extend inward in a "V" shape, with irregular light brown and light brown rims on the edge, and then wither. The fruit damage mostly starts from the remaining petals on the green fruit and the continuous cropping of tomato in the greenhouse. Stand up a gift watermelon, and spread from the fruit base and navel to the fruit surface, and a large amount of gray-brown mold layer grows on the surface in the later period.

This disease adopts comprehensive prevention and control measures based on chemical control. After the diseased leaves appear, spraying is the key period for the prevention and control of the initial infection and the control of the reinfection, and the control effect of Sukeling is the best. Fruit-setting hormone (PCPA) can also be used to dip the entire inflorescence and add 0.1% 50% Sukeling wettable powder for better results.

6 Recognition and prevention of tomato nutrient deficiency symptoms

6.1 Phosphorus deficiency

The leaves are small, the fruit is small, the fruit is few, the leaf color is dark green, the leaves are stiff, the veins are purple, the bottom leaves are curled up, and the old leaves turn yellow and produce purple spots. When plants are deficient in phosphorus, water-soluble superphosphate or super superphosphate can be mixed with high-quality organic fertilizers at a ratio of 1:10 and then applied to the plant roots; 0.2% 0.3% diphosphate can also be sprayed on the leaves Potassium hydrogen or 0.5% 1.0% superphosphate aqueous solution.

6.2 Potassium deficiency

Starting from the base leaf, the leaf edge of the leaf turns yellow, then brown, the texture becomes brittle, the stem becomes hard, lignified, and no longer thickened. The root system is stunted and weak. The fruit is deformed, colorless, and of poor quality. When tomatoes are lacking in potassium, potassium sulfate and plant ash can be ditched on both sides of the plant and then covered with soil for immersion irrigation; 0.2% 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 1% plant ash extract can also be used to spray foliage.

6.3 Boron deficiency

The leaflets are chlorosis or orange-red, the growth points darken and black, the stems, petioles and petioles are fragile, and the leaves are easy to fall off. The root system is stunted and brown. There are many deformed fruits, and brown spots often appear on the peel. For boron deficiency, spray 0.1% 0.2% borax aqueous solution 23 times on the leaf surface, generally once every 57 days.

6.4 Zinc deficiency

The leaves of the plant are small, with slight chlorosis between the veins of the leaflets. The old leaves are smaller than normal leaves but not chlorosis. The leaves have irregularly shrunken brown spots. The petioles are curved back to form a circle. The plants are short and stunted. For tomato zinc deficiency, spray 0.5% zinc sulfate aqueous solution on the foliage; zinc fertilizer can also be applied to the soil, but zinc fertilizer should be applied simultaneously with phosphate fertilizer to avoid reducing the effect of zinc fertilizer.

6.5 Iron deficiency

The leaves at the top of the plant are chlorosis and yellow, and the ends are still green in the early stage, and the chlorosis in the later period increases and develops laterally, and the leaves become light yellow afterwards. For iron deficiency, spray 0.5% 1.0% ferrous sulfate solution 12 times on the foliage.

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