Plant products are the oldest source of drugs and are still widely used in medical applications. Compared with fermentation, medicinal plants grow slower and have to undergo a period of growth, so they have high biochemical stability. In addition to extracting from pulp or tree pulp, most of it is extracted from hard tissue. Therefore, the drug generally needs to be dried and properly pulverized to increase the contact surface with the solvent and improve the extraction efficiency.
The chemical composition of botanicals is very complex, and some components are common to plants, such as cellulose, protein, oil, starch, sugar, and pigments. Some ingredients are unique to certain plants, such as alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, organic acids, and the like. Each botanical material often contains a variety of chemical components, but not all chemical components can play a role in the prevention and treatment of disease, that is, contain active ingredients and ineffective ingredients.
In order to extract the active ingredients in the botanical material so that the ineffective ingredients are not contained or contained in the product at the end, it is necessary to understand the nature of each ingredient in the medicinal material and the state in which it exists.
The methods for extracting the active ingredients of the Chinese herbal medicine include a precipitation method, an extraction method, an adsorption method, a salting out method, a distillation method, an ion exchange method, and the like, and these methods can be used in combination.
In general, among plant components, alicyclic and aromatic compounds such as anthraquinones and steroids are easily dissolved in lipophilic solvents such as chloroform and diethyl ether because of their low polarity, while the glycosides and amino acids are more polar. Large, soluble in water and hydroalcohol; as for acidic, basic and amphoteric compounds, the solubility also varies with pH because the state of existence (molecular or ionic form) varies with the pH of the solution. There are many components in the medicinal materials, and the roles and conditions of each other are complicated. The extraction conditions are determined according to the difference in the nature of the target ingredients and impurities, and the solvent capacity of the solvent.
Generally, the solid medicine can be extracted by different solvents according to the polarity, such as petroleum ether or gasoline, oil, wax, chlorophyll, volatile oil, free steroid and triterpenoids can be proposed; chloroform or ethyl acetate can be proposed to be free Alkaloids, organic acids, and neutral compounds such as brass and coumarin aglycon; acetone, ethanol, and methanol can be used to extract polar compounds such as glycosides, alkaloid salts, and tannins; and extract amino acids, sugars, inorganic salts, etc. with water. Water soluble ingredients. In this way, the extraction is carried out in sequence, and the obtained various extracts are determined to determine the effective components, and then further separated. Alternatively, the medicinal material may be directly extracted with ethanol, aqueous ethanol or aqueous acetone, and the extract may be concentrated into a paste, mixed with an auxiliary material such as diatomaceous earth, dried under reduced pressure to form a powder, and then subjected to a partial treatment using the above different solvents.
Morphine is an alkaloid that was isolated from opium by German scholar Seturner in 1806. It has an analgesic effect, but it is addictive, the molecular formula C17H19NO3. Morphine can be pulverized from the poppy shell and then subjected to countercurrent extraction with a multistage decanter to obtain a morphine base organic solvent extract. The solid residue is separated by clarification, and then contacted with an aqueous acid solution, and separated by a disc centrifuge. It is then made alkaline and its free base is transferred to the organic extract. It is concentrated by crystallization with hydrochloric acid and precipitated.
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