When the autumn arrived, the orchards were dyed colorful, red-rimmed apples, shiny grapes, golden pears, orange-orange persimmons, and the air was filled with attractive sweetness. The mothers of the fruit trees are tired and bent. Not only do they contribute the body's nutrition to the soon-to-be-fruited fruit babies, but they also give birth to new life. The round, plump flower buds between the branches and leaves indicate that the coming year will be another harvest year. . The fruit trees mothers are really hard working. At this time, they may have to make up for their nutrition. Don't let them get tired. They have to spend a cold winter! So how do you add nutrition to fruit trees?
Nutritious species required for fruit trees
In addition to the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen elements required for photosynthesis, fruit trees also require a large number of elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as intermediate elements such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, and trace elements such as iron, manganese, boron, zinc, molybdenum, and copper. . These nutrient elements have an irreplaceable effect on the growth and development of fruit trees. Only by satisfying the demand of fruit trees for them, and maintaining the coordination among these nutrient elements, the fruit trees can be deeply rooted, high in yield, stable in production, and of high quality.
Needed for a large number of elements
Since other nutrient elements are much smaller than nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium may be primarily considered when fertilizing. Other nutrient elements may be added as appropriate according to tree performance or nutrient analysis.
In the case of the basic balance between tree and soil nutrients, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other large amounts of elements required is related to yield, tree vigor, and variety. Taking pears as an example, pear orchards dominated by the application of organic fertilizers: White pears and Qiuzi pear varieties require 0.4-0.6 kg of pure nitrogen per 100 kg of fruit. Japanese and Korean pear and Western pear varieties require pure nitrogen for every 100 kg of fruit. 0.6-0.8 kilograms, weak tree with upper limit. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is 1:0.5 to 1:1, and the required amount of phosphorus can have a range of changes. This is because pears are less sensitive to the abundance of phosphorus. However, if more phosphorus fertilizer is available, it can improve the flavor of the fruit, especially it can increase the aroma of the fruit. However, excess phosphorus in alkaline soil may impede the absorption of other nutrients by pears.
The pear orchards, which are mainly based on chemical fertilizers, need 0.2 kg of pure nitrogen per 100 kg of fruit compared to the pear farms dominated by organic fertilizers. The ratio of N, P, and K does not change.
The pear orchard that has not reached the full fruit period is 1-3 years old and the planting garden is 1-4 years old. Based on 45 grams of pure nitrogen per plant, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:1:0.8, which is higher than the previous year. Need to double the amount.
The situation of other northern fruit tree species and varieties is similar. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium needed per 100 kg of fruit may be slightly different, but the overall difference is not significant.
Fertilizer type
Farmyard fertilizer
Farmyard fertilizer refers to livestock and poultry excreta, human waste, grass and wood ash, weeds, and straw hoppers, all of which belong to organic fertilizers. Farmyard manure contains all kinds of essential elements for plant growth, such as: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, zinc, boron, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, and chlorine. It is also known as complete nutrient fertilizer. Yes: Contains all kinds of essential nutrients for plant growth; It can improve the structure of soil pellets, increase soil fertility and water retention capacity; Balance pH in soil; Long effect of fertilizers. The disadvantages are: the effective content of chemical fertilizers is low and unstable; the effect response is later than chemical fertilizers; the amount of fertilizer applied is large; the labor intensity of fertilization is large; various kinds of farmyard manure contain large differences in nutrients.
At present, there are also some commodity organic fertilizers on the market, which should be paid attention to from regular manufacturers to ensure the content of active ingredients. Organic fertilizers produced from livestock and poultry excrement must pay special attention to the contents of salts, alkalis, antibiotics, and nematodes, and the pH of fertilizers, and whether they contain heavy metals, so as to avoid adverse effects on fruit trees.
fertilizer
Chemical fertilizers refer to fertilizers that are chemically synthesized or refined by mining ore. At present, China's chemical fertilizers mainly include nitrogen fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, potash fertilizers, trace element fertilizers, compound fertilizers, and compound fertilizers.
Autumn fertilization time and methods
â—†Application of organic fertilizer
Organic fertilizer is best applied in autumn. The sooner the soil is frozen from September to November, the better. Because early application can make roots and roots heal earlier, and the root absorption capacity is also stronger. Organic fertilizers also have sufficient time to decompose, which is beneficial to the early absorption and utilization of nutrients in the roots of fruit trees before dormancy, and increase the accumulation of nutrients in the trees for the early spring. Growth and flowering results create conditions.
Application of organic fertilizer can be applied by ditch, acupuncture and other methods, and the application site is near the crown drip line. The root distribution of fruit trees is relatively deep, so the depth of fertilization should be 30-40 cm. Large-scale orchards can also be distributed under the tree to increase the efficiency of operations, and then use rotary cultivators to turn the land. With the development and application of orchard machines such as trenchers and remote-controlled rotary tillers, the use of organic fertilizers has become more and more efficient. Watering as soon as possible after fertilization.
â—†Application of chemical fertilizers
Chemical fertilizers have high nutrient content and are mostly fast-acting nutrients. They can meet the needs of fruit trees for nutrients in a timely manner. Therefore, in order to increase the utilization of fertilizers and avoid excessive contamination of soil and groundwater due to excessive application of chemical fertilizers, chemical fertilizers should be applied in small quantities. . In the autumn, the amount of nitrogen fertilizers generally accounts for 40% of the total annual amount of fertilizer, the amount of phosphate fertilizer accounts for 60% of the annual total amount of fertilizer, and the amount of potassium fertilizer accounts for 30% of the annual total amount of fertilizer, which can be divided into 3-4 times.
The majority of chemical fertilizers are easily soluble in water and are easily applied with water through irrigation systems such as drip, spray, and infiltration, so that fruit trees absorb water while absorbing nutrients and realize the integration of fertilizer and water. Compared with conventional fertilization, fertilizer and water integration technology can save more than 50% of fertilizer. Compared with the traditional fertilization method, it can save more than 90% of the fertility. One person can complete the fertilization of tens of hectares of land in one day, and control the time and amount of fertilization flexibly, conveniently and accurately. Can significantly increase the yield and improve the quality, usually the output can increase more than 20%, the fruit increases, full fruit shape, cracking less. Application of fertilizer and water integration technology can also reduce the occurrence of diseases, reduce the use of fungicides and herbicides, and save costs. Due to the coordinated action of water and fertilizer, water consumption can be significantly reduced, saving more than 50%.
In the past, the fertilizer and water integration technologies were mostly carried out through drip irrigation and micro-spray irrigation systems. The investment was large. Pipes and drippers were easily damaged during the production management process, and the maintenance cost was high. At present, micro-spray irrigation technology is being promoted in production. Compared with traditional drip irrigation and micro-spraying, it is simple, convenient, practical, low investment, large flow, good anti-blocking, low working pressure, low energy consumption, etc. The technical equipment for controlling weeds, such as gardening cloth and lawn mowers, is particularly suitable for water-saving irrigation and application of fertilizer and water integration technologies. It can realize no-tillage orchard cultivation and greatly reduce work intensity and labor.
In addition, the combination of pest control in the fall, soluble fertilizer can also be added to the liquid. Application of urea is more, 3% -5% of the urea spray before the deciduous fruit trees, can increase the tree's storage nutrition, improve the ability to protect the winter cold, promote the growth of fruit trees the following spring.
Green manure
The cultivated or wild green plants used as fertilizer are called green manure. Green manure cultivation between orchards is an important way to solve the source of fertilizers. It can not only reduce production costs, but also increase soil nutrients in cultivated layers, improve soil physical and chemical properties, cover the ground, prevent soil erosion, improve the ecological environment, and purify air and sewage.
At present, the green manure suitable for planting in Beijing mainly includes early mature pods, rye, rapeseed, etc., sowing in autumn, early germination in spring, strong competitiveness with weeds, and good planting effect. Before planting, it is necessary to level land between trees and apply ternary compound fertilizer or urea 8-10 kg per acre. The seeds of Poa pratensis, oilseed rape, etc. are small and can be sown by hand or drilled, repressed after sowing, adequately irrigated, or sowed by rain. Sowing of rye with winter wheat can be mechanized.
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