Fengdan is a perennial deciduous shrub of the genus Ranunculaceae. How to cultivate Fengdan? Next, Xiaobian will explain the ecological habits of Fengdan medicine and seed collection and high-efficiency breeding techniques.
1. Feng Dan's ecological habits
Feng Dan, one to two years old plants do not bloom. Taking the Central Plains as an example, the fertility characteristics are as follows: the roots begin to sprout in early spring, the leaves are budded in March, the flowers bloom in early April (a few blooms in late March), the flowering period is about 1 week, and the flower population can last 20~30. d. During the fruiting period from May to August, the root growth was slow before June, and the growth period of the underground part was from July to August. In early October, the plants withered and entered the dormant period. Fengdan seeds have the characteristics of post-ripening, and the hypocotyls need to pass through a low temperature to continue to elongate. The seed life is not long, and the seed germination rate is low every other year. Fengdan can be propagated with seeds. Generally, only roots are not germinated in the same year, only the main roots or a few lateral roots are formed. In the second year, the roots continue to grow and grow, and at the same time, the main roots and lateral roots are formed in the third year, and the growth begins, and the roots of the main roots are densely rooted.
Fengdan is a typical temperate plant. It has a mild and sunny environment. It has a certain cold resistance. It is slightly resistant to half-yin, should be high-dry, avoid hot and humid, and requires loose and deep soil. Due to long-term growth in the low hills of central and southern China, the winter is warm and humid, the summer is hot and humid, and the air humidity is as high as 80% or more. Therefore, it is warm and can withstand certain heat and humidity.
2. Reproduction methods
2.1 Seed reproduction
2.1.1 Land pretreatment. The weeds on the land are cut off with a weeder, broken, and naturally laid flat on the land. When the land is leveled, the soil is fertilized into the soil.
2.1.2 Land leveling. Open the existing block in the north-south direction with a width of 1.0 m and a depth of 1.0 m. Open two drainage channels in the east-west direction with a width of 0.8 m and a depth of 0.8 m. The excavator will dig deep and break the clods in time. Leveling; landscreed in the north-south direction with a ridge width of about 4.0 m, a length of 5.0 to 6.0 m, a ridge height of 0.4 m, and ploughing the soil ridges; evenly spreading the ash 750 kg/hm2 into the soil ridges. According to the standard of 15~20 cm spacing and 5~7 cm depth, the shallow trench is reserved; in the well-developed soil ridge, the herbicide is sprayed once at a suitable concentration to reduce the growth of weeds.
2.1.3 Seed pretreatment. The seeds collected from the pods are placed in water, stirred, and the dried seeds and impurities are removed. Seeds with full, black, and mildew-free seeds are sown, and the seeds are mixed into the wet sand for 15 days. The seeds are sieved out before sowing, and the seeds are immersed in warm water of 40-45 ° C for 24~30 h. Then, soak seeds with 0.25 mg / L gibberellin for 3 ~ 4 h.
2.1.4 Sowing. From August to September, the treated seeds were evenly spread into the shallow ditch by the method of striping, and the seed amount was 1 125~1 275 kg/hm2. Cover the soil after sowing, apply appropriate amount of water as needed, and cover the straw. Fengdan seeds are of the epicotyl dormancy type, and the embryos are not fully developed at harvest. In the early stage of embryo development, the temperature of 15~22°C is required to be 30 days, and the low temperature of 30~40 days and 10~12°C is required in the later stage. After the development of the embryo is completed, the roots need to be 15~20 d 0~5 °C to break the epicotyl dormancy, and the seedling can be emerged at a temperature of 10-20 °C.
2.1.5 Management of seedlings. Rooting starts 30 to 40 days after sowing. If the ground is dry, it can be irrigated once. In the middle of March (first year), when the ground temperature rises to 4~5 °C, the seed buds begin to sprout and the cover is removed. Shallow pine topsoil. From late May to early June, if the weather continues to dry, water should be poured once according to the situation. In the rainy season, the water in the field should be removed in time, and the safety and control of pests and diseases in the field should be paid attention to. Generally, the seedlings are produced by two-year seedlings, and the ground part of the seedlings is withered from September to October, and the seedlings are transplanted to the field.
2.1.6 Seedling standards. Choose two-year-old seedlings that are robust, disease-free, roots and shoots intact, and without lateral roots. First-grade seedlings: the roots are erect without bending, the weight of a single plant is more than 20 g, the diameter of the main root is more than 1.0 cm, the root length is more than 25 cm, and the buds are full and no lesions. Secondary seedlings: The roots are erect without bending, the weight of a single plant is more than 17 g, the diameter of the main root is more than 0.8 cm, the root length is more than 20 cm, and the buds are full and no lesions. Third-grade seedlings: the roots are erect without bending, the weight of a single plant is more than 15 g, the diameter of the main root is more than 0.5 cm, the root length is more than 15 cm, and the buds are full and no lesions.
2.2 Plant growth
From late September to mid-October, the plant is suitable for three-year ramets. When ramets, the pre-divided Fengdan is first excavated, and the soil, roots and roots are removed, and dried for 1~2 days. After the roots lose water and become soft, they are divided into several clusters. There are some fine roots and 2~3 sprouts. The wounds are evenly spread with fungicides. After the ramets, the old branches of the upper part of the roots can be cut off, leaving only the sprouts and the new shoots. Then, on the whole plot, dig a hole at a plant spacing of 60~70 cm, and move the small plant into it. When planting, pay attention to keep the root stretch unbending. The planting depth should be about 2 cm below the ground neck, and the soil should be compacted. In winter, the soil is in the form of mounds for safe wintering.
3. Cultivation techniques
3.1 Seedling selection
Choose two-year-old seedlings that are disease-free and pest-free.
3.2 Land leveling
Choose sandy loam and humus land with sufficient sunshine, good drainage, low groundwater level, deep and fertile soil. Because Feng Dan is afraid of cockroaches and avoids continuous cropping, it can be rotated with sesame, wheat and corn. The rotation period is generally not less than 3 years, and it is suitable for 5 years. Choose sand-soil land with no water accumulation on the gentle slope, 50-80 cm of rotary tiller, 75 t/hm2 of farmyard fertilization and 1,500-3,000 kg/hm2 of cake fertilizer, deep hilly land, surface In the shape of a head, the middle is slightly lower and slightly lower, and maintains a certain slope; the shallow slope of the soil layer can be used to complete the ridge, follow the terrain, and level the raft with a width of about 2 m. Curved; flat sorghum with a groove width of 40 cm and a groove depth of 30 cm or more, and keep the bottom of the ditch flat and the drainage is smooth.
3.3 Transplanting
The second-year-old, disease-free, and robust Fengdan seedlings were selected and transplanted from September to October. Before transplanting, separate seedlings of different specifications and transplant them separately. The acupuncture points are 40 cm×50 cm, the depth of the hole is about 20 cm, the length of the hole is 25~30 cm, and one seedling is planted at each hole. When planting, fill the hole with the hole. When filling the half a hole, gently raise the seedling and Shake left and right, fill the soil after planting. In the first year after planting, sesame seeds can be made to shade and prevent drought.
3.4 Field Management
3.4.1 cultivating and weeding. During the growth of Fengdan, weeding should be carried out frequently, especially in the early days after the rain, it is necessary to timely cultivate the loose soil and keep the topsoil unconsolidated. When cultivating, avoid damage to the roots of Fengdan. After the winter, the roots of Fengdan exposed to the outside should be strengthened to prevent frostbite.
3.4.2 Fertilizer and water management. At the beginning of the second year of transplanting, topdressing is generally carried out in three times, mainly flower fertilizer, bud fertilizer and winter fertilizer. The flower fertilizer is mainly based on the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer before the thawing of the soil until the spring seedlings are germinated, and the organic fertilizer can also be applied. The purpose is to supplement the nutrients of the seedlings and facilitate the flowering result; the bud fertilizer is chased within 15 days after flowering. Application, mainly compound fertilizer, promote flower bud differentiation and leaf growth of seedlings; winter fertilizer is applied in autumn phoenix leaves, mainly cake fertilizer and decomposed organic fertilizer [2]. In the nursery period and the growing season, if there is drought, the ditch irrigation should be carried out in the morning and evening. After the water is sufficiently infiltrated, the remaining water should be removed in time. The seedlings that have just been planted for one year can also be covered with straw to prevent evaporation of water. Do the drainage work in time during the rainy season.
3.4.3 Plastic trimming. After the autumn leaves, the main trunk of the three-year-old Fengdan seedlings at 10 cm above the scale buds of the three-year-old Fengdan seedlings was cut and flattened, and then the soil was formed into 5~10 cm soil mites to promote the emergence of strong new shoots and new plants. The roots increase the amount of flowers and increase the yield; after 3 years, the pruning is mainly to remove the soil buds and the retracted branches, and the shaping measures can be flexibly trimmed in the spring and autumn according to the distribution space of the branches and leaves.
3.5 Pest Control
The main diseases of Fengdan are rickets, root rot, gray mold, early blight, anthracnose, powdery mildew, etc.; the main pests are cockroaches. Adhere to the principle of "prevention based, comprehensive prevention and control", give priority to agricultural control, physical control, biological control, supplemented by necessary chemical control. In chemical control, pay attention to the use of multiple agents to avoid drug resistance.
After the leaves are removed, the litter and diseased branches in the garden are removed in time and burned intensively. Seed treatment, disinfection with warm water at 50 ° C for 20 min, seed dressing with sputum nitrile, spermonitrile, pyrazole, and dexamethasone or dilute the pesticide according to the specified multiples, soak seeds for 10 min, then dry and sow. When the disease occurs in the field, the enoylmorpholine, the metalaxyl, the azoxystrobin, the chlorothalonil, etc. are used for rooting or spraying according to the prescribed multiple. Root rot often occurs in the rainy season, and the diseased plants are found. It is necessary to clean the pastures in time, remove the diseased plants, and prevent the spread of the bacteria. Select difenoconazole, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, tebuconazole, etc. Rooting or spraying is carried out at the specified dilution factor. Early blight can be sprayed with fluazinam and chlorothalonil for prevention. In the early stage of the disease, pyrazole, dexamethasone, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, tebuconazole, etc. Spraying on the surface. Anthracnose can be sprayed with imipenem, procymidone, pyraclostrobin, and daisenlian. In the early stage of powdery mildew, the azoxystrobin, fluazinam, chlorothalonil and difenoconazole can be sprayed. Prevention and treatment should pay attention to the application of decomposed organic fertilizer to prevent adult eggs from being spawned; when planting, use 30% phoxim microcapsule slow release agent 22.5~30.0 kg/hm2 to water 225 kg/hm2, stir well, then spray on the planting hole 5~6mL of spray liquid per hole, cover soil after spraying; use 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate, mix fine soil to make toxic soil application, or cast root with 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 1 000~1 500 times. Light can also be used to trap adults.
3.6 Fruit harvesting and initial processing
Seeds generally mature from mid-July to mid-August, and harvest when the hazelnut is crab yellow and the top pericarp is microcracked. The picked fruits are sun-baked, and the thickness of the fruit pile should not exceed 20 cm. It should be flipped once every 1~2 d to promote the cracking of the peel and burst the seeds. The exposed seeds will continue to spread until the moisture is about 13%.
3.7 Root excavation and initial processing
After transplanting for 3 to 5 years, the excavation can be carried out. The mining time is from September to October. The sunny day is selected. The fresh roots are placed indoors for 2~3 days. After the roots are volatilized and softened, the roots are removed first. From the roots to the main roots, the middle wood core is removed one by one and dried.
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