Jasmine is a genus of rhinoceros, jasmine, perennial evergreen shrub, native to tropical and subtropical regions. Jasmine leaf green, flowers white jade run, aroma Qingru soft Shu, was hailed as the first public fragrance flowers, with excellent ornamental value. It also has high economic value. Jasmine is China's most important tea with fragrant flowers. Jasmine and tea are used to make jasmine tea. It makes the tea rich and refreshing. It also has a fragrant flower fragrance, tea-scented flowers, flower-enhanced tea leaves, and tea floral fragrance. Jasmine tea is not only universally loved by our people, but also unique in the international market and enjoys a good reputation. Jasmine is an important raw material for extracting essence, and jasmine can also be used medicinally. My county is cultivated as a fragrant flower of wolfberry tea, and it has a higher economy.
I. Garden selection
Jasmine native subtropical, adapting to high temperature, fertile soil environmental conditions, the ecological environment requirements are: hi light afraid of Yin, hi fat afraid of thin, joyous acid afraid of alkali, happy afraid of boredom. Therefore, when choosing a garden, we should try our best to approach its ecological environment and choose jasmine flowers with sufficient sunshine, deep soil, fertile soil, abundant water sources, good irrigation and drainage, and convenient transportation. According to the jasmine flower entering the flowering season, flowers must be collected and transported to the processing plant for sale every day. The number of days spent on flower collection is more than 200 days per year. Therefore, the jasmine planted area should be within 10 kilometers from the jasmine plant to facilitate the sales of flowers.
Second, species selection
Jasmine is a species of wood rhinoceros, jasmine, and evergreen climbing shrub. According to surveys, there are about more than 60 species of jasmine in China, of which cultivars mainly include single-petal jasmine, double-petalized jasmine and multiple-petalized jasmine.
1.Single-petal jasmine: The plant is short and tall, 70-90 cm in height, and the stem is small and vine-like. Therefore, it is known as Jasmine. The buds are slightly longer, lighter, and the yield is lower than that of the double-jawed jasmine. The jasmine petal is high, not cold tolerant, resistant to insects, and weak in pest resistance.
The two-petalled jasmine is the main species for the cultivation of flower tea in large areas in China. The plants are 1-1.5 m high, standing upright, with many branches, thick stems, dark green leaves, and thick leaves. Glossy, the flowers are larger than the single-petal jasmine and multiple jasmine flowers. The flower buds are white and oily, and the waxiness is obvious. The flowers are strong, grow robust, and have strong adaptability. The yield of flowers (more than 3 years) can reach more than 500 kilograms per mu.
3. Multiple jasmine: Branches have more prominent Pang-like protrusions. The leaves are dark green, the flowers are tightly knotted, they are round and small, and the tops are slightly concave. Many jasmine flowers are too long to open, have a weak aroma, and have low yields. They are generally not used as flowers for flowering tea.
The jasmine variety cultivated in my county is the founder of the original Yuyuan Company, Lin Xuheng, who introduced the double-jawed jasmine from Hengxian County of Guangxi. In 2000, the County Science and Technology Sub-division of the County Bureau of Agriculture conducted an observation experiment of jasmine introduction. The varieties introduced were double-petaled jasmine and multiple-petalized jasmine, but no jasmine was introduced. Multiple jasmine flowers are open for a long period of time and have not been opened from 7 pm to the next day. The aroma is light and the yield is low. The brewing of tea leaves is not ideal. It was determined that Shuanghua Jasmine is a cultivar in our county.
Third, jasmine seedling technology
After flowering, jasmine is generally not strong (rarely strong), and only vegetative propagation can be used in production. Methods include cutting, pressing, ramets and other types. Jasmine has strong regenerative ability, adopts cutting method, has fast rooting, and has a high rate of seedling formation. Compared with the strip method and the ramie method, it has the advantages of simple operation, material saving, etc., and is widely used.
1. Batten propagation, layering is the use of jasmine plants sprouting branches or branches with a certain length, the middle one into the soil, making it produce a new root, cut off the mother branch after becoming an independent new plant. The premise is that there must be a mother tree of jasmine, and there are not many branches that can be pressed by each tussock mother tree, which can not satisfy the supply of a large number of seedlings, and generally use potted plants and lack of ponds to make up the seedlings.
2. Breeding: Jasmine is a bush, and roots can produce many adventitious roots. Plants with more than two years old often have several stems. These rooted stems can be used for propagation. The premise of this method is that there must be a jasmine mother tree more than two years old. Moreover, the number of breedings is lower than that of fillets and cuttings, which cannot meet the needs of large-scale cultivation.
Cuttage breeding seedbed nursery occupies a small area, land utilization is high, and about 100,000 seedlings can be planted per acre. Because of the centralized cutting and inserting in the nursery, it is easy to manage, and there is room for adequate selection of seedlings. Therefore, the quality of the seedlings is high, the plants grow neatly, and at the same time they are suitable for large-scale production of seedlings. Therefore, they are widely used in production.
The production seedlings in the county from 1998 to 1999 were mainly transported by Yuyuan Company from Hengxian County of Guangxi Province. The Yuyuan Company and the individual household Li Hongzhou conducted the in-situ breeding trials in the county. In March 1998, Yuyuan Company transferred the shoots from Hengxian County of Guangxi for nursery and cultivated 130,000 seedlings. In 1999, Yuyuan Company produced 190,000 seedlings and individual Li Hongzhou produced 330,000 seedlings. In 2000, the number of nursery households increased to 5, the nursery area increased to 100 mu, and the number of nurseries increased to 10 million. In 2002, there were 5 million seedlings available for transplanting in Daejeon.
Cutting seedlings operation method:
(1) The cuttings are selected and the cuttings used for breeding are mainly derived from branches that are cut off each year when pruning. To choose no pests and diseases, there is a certain degree of rough ageing branches, and the same branch to the lower middle is the best.
(2) The choice of nursery: It is required that the soil is loose and fertile, the water source is sufficient, drainage and irrigation are convenient, and the sand or sandy loam is convenient for transportation.
(3) The whole geographic area: nursery land before the seedlings deep-drying sun, fine leveling, digging around the drainage and drainage trenches, according to the surface width 120 cm, groove width 25 cm, depth 20 cm guttering, flat surface, After the soil particles are finely crushed and the seedbed is fully wetted, the preemergence herbicide-Dua mixture 150 ml/mu watered the seedbed. Winter seedlings cover the bed with a good film.
(4) Cutting and Cutting
Collect the branches that were cut off during the overhaul each year in a shaded place and organize the manpower to cut the cuttings. The operation method is: select branches with 2-3 sections and a length of about 10 cm, cut the leaves, and cut the leaves 1 cm from the upper end. Cut at the left and right, and cut from the axillary bud at a distance of about 1 centimeter to a 45-degree oblique mouth. Bundle it with 80-100 roots. Moisten the preserved cuttings in the cool place.
Before the cuttings, the cuttings should be treated with a chemical treatment. Firstly, it should be soaked in 1000-fold solution for 3 to 5 minutes with Spark, and then remove and dry. And then soaked with 50PPM rooting powder for 20-30 minutes, remove and insert 12cm 4cm line spacing in the seedbed, cut the top of the cutting edge from the soil about 3 cm. Insert 150,000 cuttings per acre.
(5) Cutting seedbed management
The cutting seedbeds should keep the soil moist, and pay attention to diligent weeding on sunny days and keep the seedlings covered with no weeds. Seedlings of seedlings are small and their root systems are few. Water fertilization is the best way to use them. Shi Shi Qin Shi, fertilize once a month. Seed beds found pests and diseases should be promptly controlled, can be used net 1000 times sclerotia + 1000 times per 1000 times. Seedlings grow to 6-8 months, there are more than 2 branches, two layers of roots, more than 30 cm height can be out of the garden.
IV. Transplanting
1. Transplanting period
In places where irrigation conditions in Yuanjiang County can be carried out throughout the year. However, in the spring and autumn seasons, the jasmine planted in Yuanjiang is mainly double cropping land and fruit sugar cane land, and the free time of the land is spring and autumn. In addition, the temperature of Yuanjiang River in spring has gradually risen, which is suitable for the growth of the root system of jasmine, and it can be harvested at the same time as the year of planting. The autumn temperature is also very suitable for the growth of jasmine roots. In the summer, the Yuanjiang Thermal Dam area has no free space and the temperature is too high to adapt to the jasmine root system. When transplanting, the leaves tend to dry and affect survival. In winter, the temperature of Yuanjiang River is also low and the wind is large, and it is easy to blow dry the leaves. Jasmine grows slowly and affects survival. In 1998, the county introduced 510 mu in 11-12 months. The survival rate of the seedlings and the low temperature are only about 50%. In the spring and autumn of 1999, 1,115 mu were introduced, and the survival rate of the field survey was above 90%.
2. Cultivation specifications
In order to facilitate the sorting, the planting should be planted. The planting width should be in favor of fertilizing, earth-cultivation and harvesting. The general width is 120 centimeters wide, the height is 20 centimeters wide, and the width of the ravine is 25 centimeters wide. Dig a width of 30 cm and a depth of 10 cm on each side of the planter, planting 25 cm, spacing 60 cm, planting 4,000 acres.
In 2000, the Science and Technology Section of the Bureau of Agriculture conducted a test of jasmine planting density. The plant was planted in double rows and planted in 3500, 4000, and 4500 plants. Transplanted on March 11, 2000. Flowering began on June 25, and flowering period was from June to October. After 3 months of topping and bud removal, the number of branches increased from 3-4 to 32-42. The yields of the three treatments were 18.7 kg, 20.21 kg and 16.9 kg respectively, which were equivalent to 207 kg, 224 kg and 187 kg for the mu. The initial test result was the best for 4000 mu.
3. Transplanting method
Select seedlings with a plant height of 30 cm or more, more than two branches, two root systems, normal leaf color, robust plants, and no pests. Cut off more than 25 centimeters of branches and leaves, cut off too long roots, and use 0.1% of the plant. Baoke+0.3% Pu-calcium root solution is planted after 3-5 minutes and planted in the planting trench at a plant spacing of 25 cm. It must be planted, planted, and the roots must be straight and integrated with the soil. There should be no voids and no root system can be exposed. Pour enough water. Can be used to cover the surface of bagasse, straw, sugar cane leaves.
Fifth, pruning and short cut of jasmine
The jasmine flower grows fast and grows in the same year. The third and fourth years yields the highest. After 6-7 years, the plants begin to decline and the yield gradually declines. In order to guarantee the high and stable production of jasmine, annual trimming is required. , short cut, found that the aging phenomenon will have to be updated.
1. Topping, short cut
Young jasmine (6 months old), with small seedlings and small branches, needs to cultivate high-yielding trees as soon as possible, so it is necessary to top, destroy the top of the growth, promote its multiple branching, form more buds, and top-up through investigations. Not topping the bud, pregnancy bud early -7-10 days, new branch more than 2-3 times. When budding, there are buds that need to be carried out, mainly for newly planted saplings. Short cuts are taken in the middle of February each year before the buds are cut short, retain 3-4 pairs of leaves, the apical long-term advantage of the branches weakened, prompting early pregnancy buds. After entering the flowering period, a short cut is made after each flower is harvested. Short cuts should be made according to the position and density of shoot growth. In principle, each clump of jasmine can maximize the light surface, so that the main branch, The branches are evenly distributed, airy and breathable, and each short truncated treaty accounts for two-thirds of the total number of branches.
Winter trim
In addition to the top and short cuts, pruning is the main technical measure for high yield and quality cultivation of jasmine flowers. Pruning is performed after mid-December of each year or before the end of January of the second year. The first large pruning, that is, a large flat shear 20-25 cm away from the ground to form a neat crown, after the annual pruning, in the trimming surface of the previous year increased by about 3 cm, but also cut off the dry branches, weak Branches, diseased branches and vertical branches, pruning can reduce nutrient loss, so that the main branches and sprouts grow and thrive. Trimmed branches can be used for cutting seedlings, and parts that cannot be used must be burned and burned. After pruning, they are managed in conjunction with cultivating fertilization.
Summer trim
Jasmine summer pruning is a good environment for ventilation and lightness of jasmine through agro-techniques, and is based on jasmine market conditions. Artificially adjust the peak season of flower production, avoid the low tide of flowering prices, and increase the efficiency of flowering.
The jasmine-trimmed branches consist of jasmine trees grown for more than a year. In the early June of each year, jasmine is cut flat from 50-60 cm above the ground with a large pruning shear, an electric hedge trimmer and other tools. All branches and leaves are cut off to form a neat crown from the jasmine tree. The branches will be cut. Remove it cleanly, and then remove the diseased branches, dead branches, hanging ground, and the lower and lower branches. After pruning, timely cultivating loose soil, applying 40 kg of special jasmine fertilizer and 15 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per acre to prevent and control pests and diseases timely.
This year, the price of jasmine flower in our county was fully released and entered the market to meet the national jasmine market. Through the use of winter pruning to play the early flower advantage, this year's highest flower price reached 27 yuan/kg, and after entering the price of flowers in April fell to 3 yuan/kg. The training of science and technology was strengthened in time. Summer pruning training was held on May 17th. However, due to the price drop, some flower growers suffered from setbacks in confidence, relaxation, and serious diseases and insect pests. The farmers of the Minjiang River in the Minjiang River Group 10 have higher awareness of science and technology and strong commodity awareness. They still manage jasmine under the guidance of scientists and technicians after falling flower prices. When prices rose in the months of August, September, and October, they could be harvested every day during the peak period. Kilograms, income more than 100 yuan. Because their flower management is in place, the diseases and pests are light, the buds are large, and the aroma is strong. They have become hot sellers for the tea traders. Every day, their flower prices are the highest prices on the market. The entire group of 270 acres of jasmine, mu income of about 3500 yuan. On October 29th, Xingya Tea held more than 30 tables of banquets, and invited the whole group of flower farmers to reward them for the quality of their flowers.
4. Update
After 6-7 years of jasmine colonization, the plant growth and development ability is declining. Some jasmine gardens or individual plants that are caused by poor management and slow growth cause premature aging and should also be updated. The specific approach is: use large pruning shears to cut off all parts of the ground above 3-5 cm, or cut the ground flat, then fertilize and cultivate the soil to promote the re-emergence of the above-ground parts.
Sixth, fertilizer and water management
Jasmine is a kind of economic crop for the purpose of harvesting flower buds. The annual flowering period in our county is 9 months (about 200 days), and the entire flowering period requires sufficient fertilizer input.
1. Management of materials
According to Guangxi Agricultural Science and Technology, the first issue of "Jasmine High-yielding Cultivation Technique" in 1993, the ratio of jasmine to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2.4:1:2.9. The annual fertilizing amount per acre is equivalent to 28.4 kg of pure nitrogen and 11.6 kg of phosphorus. Potassium 33.7 kg, three times annual rhizosphere fertilization, spring fertilizer accounted for 50% of the total amount of fertilizer, summer fertilizer accounted for 15-20%, autumn fertilizer accounted for 30-35%, at the same time according to the County Soil Fertilizer Station 99 years to plant jasmine in my county The result of the soil test for the soil in Minjiang Town is the characteristics of shit soil, “having a knife when dry, and a mess when wetâ€, a serious lack of organic matter, moderately available phosphorus, and moderately available potassium. Considering comprehensively, put forward my county jasmine fertilization plan. (1) In the whole year, 1,000 kg of manure per mu, 40 kg of urea, 100 kg of normal calcium, and 50 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. (2) 160 kg of special jasmine fertilizer and 50 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. (3) Jasmine is applied three times a year for rhizosphere fertilization, ie, winter fertilizer, summer fertilizer, autumn fertilizer, and winter fertilizer account for 50%, combined with winter pruning, 1,000 kg of fertilizer per acre, 20 kg of urea and 50 kg of calcium , 25 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer or 80 kg of special jasmine fertilizer, 25 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. Summer fertilizer accounted for 25%, combined with summer pruning, applying 10 kg of urea per mu, 25 kg of calcium sulfate, 15 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, or 40 kg of jasmine special-purpose fertilizer and 15 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. Autumn fertilizer accounts for 25%, and is carried out at the beginning of August each year, with 10 kg of urea per mu, 25 kg of calcium sulfate, 10 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, 40 kg of special jasmine fertilizer, and 10 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. In 2001, the County Soil Fertilizer Station in Xizhuang Villager Group of Qijiang Town conducted a jasmine organic-inorganic compound fertilizer experiment and set up three treatments. One-time application of 160 kg of jasmine organic-inorganic fertilizer was used as a treatment; Kilograms, three fertilizations (ie 50%, 30%, 20%), 40 kg urea per mu, 100 kg of calcium sulphate, 100 kg of potassium sulphate compound fertilizer for 1 treatment; treatment 2 (three times for organic and inorganic Special fertilizer works best. At the same time, another farmer in the same group carried out a 1 mus comparative test of the same field fertilizer, and treated 2 (three organic and inorganic specific fertilizers). The growth was better than usual and the yield was increased. It is recommended to promote the application of organic and inorganic fertilizer three fertilization. More than 70% of farmers in 2002 applied this fertilization method.
2. Moisture management
After jasmine seedlings are planted, they should be poured with enough water to set the roots. According to the requirements of the moisture of jasmine, the moisture content of the soil is kept between 60-70%. Excessive water content can cause root rot, yellow leaf, and severe black root death. In drought, the leaves are wilting and the flowers are shriveled. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to drought irrigation, and dig ditches to prevent water accumulation in rainy days. Once the flowering trees appear leafy micro-volumes, they should be sprayed or watered.
3. Soil management
The cultivating and weeding is to create a breathable, water-retaining, loose and weed-free environment for jasmine trees. The cultivation and weeding should be carried out more than 6-7 times a year, and should be properly ploughed away from the base of the nursery stock. about. After cultivating in the dry season, a layer of bagasse, sugarcane leaves, straw, etc. are laid on the surface of the rake to protect against grass and drought.
VII. Pest Control
The jasmine diseases mainly include white peony disease and branch blight. The main pests include jasmine buds (flower worms), whiteflies, leafhoppers, thrips, and red spiders.
1. Biliary disease
White feather disease (pocket flower disease) is a disease caused by fungal infection. Main performance: First, the proximal base branches and the lower root spread and spread to form a white silk-like film layer, and gradually formed white, yellow oil seed particles, that is, sclerotia, which is the main symptom of the identification of disease. After the onset of seedlings, the cortex of stems and roots at the diseased place was rotted, and the nutrition of the plants was impeded; the leaves died and the whole plant died.
Control methods: strict quarantine, eradicate the source of bacteria, do a good job in the drainage work of the garden, use 1000 times of SPK to control the spraying during the flowering period, the diseased plants must be excavated and burned, and the original soil bacterium should be disinfected after net disinfection. plant.
2. Blight
In the spring and autumn, the incidence of disease is high, especially in the fall. The impact on autumn yield is large. The disease begins with brown spots on the base of the new branch, and the upper part of the branches maintain normal growth. With the expansion of the lesions, when the nutrition delivery of a side branch is endangered, the upper branches begin to wither, and then turn into a brownish diseased branch. When the lesion expands to the entire cortex of the base of the shoot, all the leaves above the affected site die.
Control methods: timely pruning dead branches to prevent the spread of infection, with 1,000 times the chlorothalonil spraying control after flowering.
3. Main jasmine pests
Jasmine pests are mainly jasmine buds (flower worms), whiteflies, leafhoppers, thrips, red spiders and so on.
Prevention methods: 1 winter pruning, clearing the garden, eliminate the source of overwintering, combined with flowers to remove the affected buds, victim shoots. 2 After each pod is harvested, combine with a short cut to remove the damaged branches and shoots. 3 drug control with Tiantai, efficient Dagong Chen, once the net, Kete special high efficiency and low toxicity and low residual pesticide control.
Eight, jasmine harvest and storage
The purpose of planting jasmine is to pick a good quality, a large number of flowers, and process tea processing. Therefore, in addition to strengthening management, the last key measure is timely and reasonable harvesting and storage of flowers.
1. The standard of flower harvesting: Mature buds can open vomiting on the evening of the evening (including bags to be placed). The specific requirements are: flower buds blossoming, full plump, white color, single short pedicle, no pest flowers No flowers, no flowers, no stems and other impurities.
2. Picking method: Use the thumb and index fingertips to hold the pedicel. The palm of the hand is slanted diagonally. The index finger is slightly pushed and the buds can be picked.
3. Storage and transportation methods: When picking flowers, use bamboo poles or cloth bags to bloom and avoid direct sunlight. After the collected flowers are collected, use a bamboo basket or a nylon mesh bag to transport them to the acquisition site in time.
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