1, rational design of feed formulations
Before formulating the formula, it is necessary to clarify the species and stage of growth of the cultured fish in order to determine the level of nutrients such as protein and energy in the feed; to meet the needs of fish for growth, and to make the ratio of energy and protein moderate. Too high and too low energy to protein ratios are detrimental to fish growth. When designing formulas, we must also consider the relationship between feed nutrient water and bulk density. We must ensure that fish can consume adequate nutrients and make them feel full; fish mainly use protein as an energy source for fats and sugars. The utilization rate is lower, so the demand for protein from fish is higher than that of livestock and poultry; in general, the price of protein feed is higher than that of energy feed and roughage, and the proportion of protein feed must not be reduced to increase the proportion of energy feed and roughage. In contrast, this will inevitably increase the cost of feed; the different stages of fish growth require different nutrients, such as 43%--41% of the protein content of the juvenile fish feed and 37% of the fish species. -42%, adult fish 28% - 32%.
2, the choice of feed ingredients
The selection of raw materials should be based on the principles of high quality and low price, stable supply and convenient transportation. If the conditions permit, the more types of raw materials are, the better, so that the necessary amino acids in the feed can be balanced as much as possible to satisfy the needs of fish for various essential amino acids, and moldy and deteriorating raw materials must not be used. Mildew raw materials contain a large number of germs and toxins, such as moldy corn contains highly toxic aflatoxins. These feeds can easily cause diseases in fish; cottonseed cakes and rapeseed cakes are cheap and have high protein content, but because they contain anti-nutritional factors such as gossypol and glucosinolates, More use will affect the growth of fish, so to limit the amount, generally not more than 10%. Many farmers like to use cheap oil dregs and patties, but this type of raw material contains a large amount of animal skins, which affects the smooth progress of the crushing and granulation process. The fish is also not easily digested after eating; the oil dregs and patties contain The fats are saturated fats, and some have already begun to rancid because of long storage time. The fish has low utilization rate of saturated fats. Excessive intake of rancid fat also causes fish diseases such as fatty liver. The dosage should be controlled below 5%. In addition, when selecting raw materials, we should also pay attention to the moisture content of raw materials. In the southern region, the moisture content of air-dried feed is generally 12% to 13%. Excessive moisture will reduce the nutritional value of the feed, and may also cause moldy feed and shorten the storage time of the feed.
3, the control of processing technology
The process flow for the production of self-produced feed in rural areas generally includes smashing, mixing and granulating, and where conditions permit, it also includes conditioning before pelleting. Crushing can increase the contact area between feed and animal digestive enzymes, improve the digestion and absorption of substances, nitrogen and energy, and reduce the feed coefficient. The coarse and fine crushed particles are not good. Generally, the raw material for compound feeds for fish should be crushed until they pass through a 40-mesh sieve. The size of the top material on a 60-mesh sieve is not more than 20%. The best crushed grain size of the carp fingerlings feed is 1.77mm, and the crushed grain size of the carp juvenile fish feed should be 50--60 mesh (0.30--0.25mm).
Mixing is the main link to ensure the quality of feed and improve feed efficiency. Feeding practice shows that if the ingredients in the compound feed mix unevenly, it will significantly affect the growth of fish, and in severe cases it will also lead to death. This is because the uneven mixing causes uneven distribution of various nutrients in the same feed. Without reaching the formula effect, local concentrations of certain additives such as heavy metals can cause fish poisoning to die. The quality of mixing can be improved from the following three aspects.
1 suitable loading. Too much or too little charge will affect the mixing quality. The batch mixer's fullness coefficient should be 0.6--0.8. The continuous mixer's fullness coefficient should be controlled below 0.5.
2 master the mixing time. If the mixing time is too short, sufficient mixing cannot be achieved. If the mixing time is too long, separation will occur, which also affects the mixing quality. The mixing time is determined by the mixing speed of the mixer and is typically around 6 minutes.
3 operating sequence. Generally, the components with large proportions are added first or most of the components are added to the machine and then the minor and trace components are placed on the material; the materials with large particle size are added first, and the particles with small size are added; the materials with small specific gravity are added first. , after the major increase.
The quenching and tempering is a process in which feedstuffs are steamed before the pellets are mixed and the feed and steam are stirred and mixed. Under the action of moist heat, the starch of the feed is gelatinized and the digestibility can be improved; the feed fluidity after conditioning is good, and the stickiness of the feed can be increased. It is good for feed forming. The key to quenching and tempering is to control the quenched steam, which is required to be used in saturated steam. Generally, the required amount of steam is calculated according to 5% of the material. It is also necessary to determine the tempering temperature according to the composition of the feed. Because of the high content of natural protein in the fish feed, the feed temperature needs to be above 85°C.
By making the feed pellets, various nutrients can be fixed in the pellet feed, free of animal picky. Fish feed pellets can also reduce waste, reduce water pollution, and reduce morbidity. The particle size of the pellet feed should be determined by the width of the fish's crack, and the particle size of the feed should be less than 1/2 of the split: the total length of the grass species and the corresponding feed should be 4.0--5.0 cm, 0.8- 1.Omm; 5.O--6.0cm, 1.2--1.5mm; 6.0---7.Ocm, 1.5--2.0mm; 7.O---8.0cm, 2.0---2.5mm.
4, the rational use of additives
Feed additives are substances added to the diet that can protect nutrients in the feed, promote the digestion and absorption of nutrients, regulate body metabolism, improve animal health, thereby improving the utilization efficiency of nutrients, and improving animal production levels to improve the quality of animal products. General term. For vitamins and mineral additives, due to the variety and quantity, and the high technical content of various vitamins and minerals, farmers have to buy monomeric micro-organisms and single minerals to compound their effects. Poor, can not achieve the balance between various types of substances. When producing self-mixed feed, vitamins and minerals produced by specialized manufacturers can be used for pre-processing. According to the species and growth stages of farmed fish, they can be reasonably added. The production of self-made feed can also prepare a small amount of special feed according to their own needs. In order to facilitate the use of the fish, the symptomatic drugs can be added to the feed to make baits. In the use of drug additives must comply with the relevant national laws and regulations, absolutely not allowed to add drugs that are prohibited by the state. Some farmers have added banned olaquindox to the feed to increase the growth of fish. However, a large number of studies have shown that although olaquindox can antibacterial promote growth, long-term use will reduce the fish's resistance to transport performance, increase the mortality rate of transport, but also will reduce the quality of fish products and endanger human health.
Recent studies have shown that the addition of new additives such as probiotics, enzyme preparations, and Chinese herbal medicines to feeds can significantly improve fish nutrition, promote fish growth, and reduce the incidence rate. Probiotics is a concept that is related to "antibiotics" and refers to active microorganisms or their cultures that can be fed directly to animals and that regulate the animal's gastrointestinal microecological balance to prevent disease, promote animal growth, and increase feed efficiency; probiotics It largely replaces the function of antibiotics without any toxic side effects. Enzyme is a biologically active protein. As a feed additive, it is mainly a digestive enzyme that assists digestion. It includes proteases, amylases, phytases, and cellulase enzymes, as well as complex enzyme preparations containing various enzymes. The combination of probiotics and enzyme preparations in production has a better effect. The optimum combination of grass carp feeds is 0.52%-0.66% of probiotics, 0.20%-0.21% of enzyme preparations, and the optimum combination of carp feeds. For probiotics 0.57% -0.69%, 0.14% -0.18% for enzyme preparations. Chinese herbal medicines are abundant in resources. Over a long period of time, our people have accumulated rich experience in using Chinese herbal medicines to prevent and cure diseases. Chinese herbal medicines are used to make baits in feeds, which are easy to use and non-toxic and non-residual. For example, adding three yellow powders to feed can effectively prevent grass carp three diseases. , Pine needles, leaves, alfalfa and other Chinese herbal medicines can increase the survival rate and promote the growth of fish feed. With the in-depth development of China's food non-pollution activities, the narcotics-free fish feed is inevitably required. Therefore, these new additives should be used as far as possible when producing self-prepared feed for fish.
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