With the continuous expansion of winter jujube area and the increase of planting years, various diseases and insect pests appear to increase year by year, which is a potential threat to the production safety of winter jujube. Diseases often occurring in winter jujube include spotted defoliation, dry rot, fruit shrinking, date rust, anthracnose, etc.; insect pests include jujube, jujube bud, jujube, jujube, jujube, jujube, waxy, macularia. Yellow thorn moth, red spider, peach borer, aphids, cotton bollworm and so on. At present, the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests mostly use chemical control. Although the occurrence of pests and diseases has been temporarily controlled, beneficial organisms in the jujube garden have also been killed. It is easy to cause major outbreaks of pests, secondary pests to become major pests, and another adverse chemical control. The consequence is that the Pesticide residues in winter jujube products will be excessively exceeded, which will greatly affect the development of winter jujube in domestic and foreign markets and the economic income of jujube farmers. The main measures for pollution-free control of winter date diseases and pests are:
I. Agricultural control
Agricultural measures can not only control the occurrence of pests and diseases, but also ensure the normal growth of winter jujube trees, achieving high yield, high quality, and no pollution.
1. Use non-toxic seedlings to determine a reasonable planting density. When constructing a garden, high-quality seedlings with robust growth, well-developed root systems, and no pest damage should be selected. The garden must have fresh air, pure water, uncontaminated soil, flat terrain, open terrain, adequate lighting, soil fertility, and good irrigation and drainage conditions. , soil does not contain natural harmful, toxic substances, soil minerals in the normal range, no pesticide residues, pollution of the land is appropriate.
To be properly planted. The depth of planting should be the same as the root level of the nursery stock. It is better not to plant too deep and affect the growth of the tree. It is necessary to determine the reasonable density. The overcrowding can easily lead to canopy closure, the relative humidity of the park's microclimate is increased, the illumination is insufficient, and the branches are lengthy. The growth branches are slender and have reduced disease resistance, creating conditions for the occurrence of a variety of diseases and insect pests. Over-cultivation results in uneconomical utilization of light energy and land resources. Generally, the planting distances of 2m3m and 3m4m are relatively reasonable.
2, increase the organic fertilizer, improve the tree's nutrition level, enhance the resistance to pests and diseases. The purpose of increasing organic manure is to increase soil organic matter content, improve soil permeability and soil structure, in favor of the growth of winter jujube tree roots, enhance tree vigor, and improve the resistance to pests and diseases of trees. The time of organic manure is generally used in autumn. (September-November) or late spring (April-April), but it is best to apply in early autumn. The amount of organic fertilizer used: General young trees apply organic fertilizer 20-50kg, mature tree (result tree) can be determined based on the ratio of yield and fertilizer, the general production of 1kg winter dates should be applied 2kg high quality organic fertilizer. At the young age, the ring groove was applied, and the mature tree was selected for radial fertilization.
3. Scrape the old skin of the trunk, clear the deciduous branches of the jujube orchard, and reduce the number of overwintering pests and diseases. After the fall of the jujube tree in the autumn, before the jujube tree is sprouted, the old skin on the trunk and the main branch is scraped off and brought out of the park to be burned to kill the insects that have passed the winter. When scratching the old skin, pay attention to see the red (cork layer), not white (phloem), after shave skin lime, salt and water 1:0.5:100 preparation of lime water smear, with a bactericidal effect of cold. After falling leaves in autumn, the leaves, weeds, and diseased fruits in the jujube garden are timely cleaned, and the integrated winter cuts and pests are removed and burned together with the old skin to reduce the number of overwintering pests and diseases.
4, burn frozen water, deep turn. Before deep-sealing, the entire garden is subjected to a deep tumbling to destroy the diurnal chambers in winter, so as to reduce the survival of pests. The depth of deep plunges is generally 20-30 cm, and then water is poured once.
5. The tree disc is covered with plastic film and the insect resistance is put on the tree. In the early spring, a 1m1m film was applied to the tree tray to prevent the wintering pests in the soil, such as the jujube pattern and the peach borer, from unearthing. In the trunk 30cm from the ground tied 10cm wide plastic film tape, requiring the plastic film and the tree trunk tightly, can prevent pests and other pests to lay eggs on the tree.
6, timely sparse fruit thinning, scientifically determine the tree's reasonable load. Winter jujube has a large amount of flowers, and the normal fruit setting rate is only about 1%. Excessive flowers will consume nutrients. Therefore, timely sparse flowering should be used. The jujube fruit retention standard is generally one strong tree, 1 jujube hanging fruit, 2 golden jujube trees to hang 1 fruit, 3 jujube trees to hang 1 fruit. It is necessary to timely fruit thinning to maintain the strong tree vigor of the jujube tree and prevent excessive consumption of nutrients, resulting in debilitating trees and reduced resistance to pests and diseases.
7, reasonable pruning, improve the tree structure. Winter jujube is commonly used in sparse layered trunk, sparsely crowned and free-spindle shaped. According to the selected tree shape for scientific shaping, and timely removal of leggy branches, dense branches, overlapping branches, competition branches, inward branches, pests, branches, slender branches, wounded branches, trimming should pay attention to the protection of the saw , In the spring after germination to remove excess sprouting in time, the branches that do not have space for development should be timely picking the heart, to the growing upright branches to pull branches, the general angle of control in the 60-80 degrees, the higher the time to the trunk Drop heads to increase the ability of the tree to transmit light and light, creating an environment that is not conducive to the breeding of pests and diseases.
8, the trunk tied grass to induce overwintering pests. In the fall (September), the trunks tied the grass to trap the insects for wintering, and they were taken out of the park and burned before the jujube was defoliated and then frozen to eliminate the pests in the grass handle.
9, a reasonable fertilizer, timely addition of trace elements. Pay attention to the reasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements in top dressing. The topdressing is generally conducted three times a year, in the pre-emergence, flowering and fruit setting stages, and in the fruit expansion stage. The predominantly available nitrogen and phosphorus are the predominant species. The young tree plants are treated with 0.1-0.2 kg of diammonium phosphate and the mature tree plants are applied with phosphoric acid. Diazo 0.3-0.4kg. At the end of May, flowering and fruit setting stage was dominated by nitrogen fertilizer. The saplings of young trees applied 0.1-0.2 kg of urea, and the mature tree plants applied 0.25-0.4 kg of urea. In early July, young fruit should be applied with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace element compound fertilizer in the expansion period. The young tree strain is applied 0.4-0.5kg, and the adult tree strain is applied 0.6-1kg.
Foliar fertilization has quick effect and obvious effect. From the beginning of germination to 1 month before harvest, the fertilizer can be sprayed once every half month, and spraying can also be used. Foliar spray fertilizer should be based on the nutritional status of the tree reasonable choice of fertilizer species, such as flowering spray urea, borax, fruit Zhuang Ti Ling, can improve the fruit setting rate, lack of iron yellow leaves to spray 0.3% -0.5% of ferrous sulfate in time Or 1000 times of Ryan 2, calcium deficiency can be sprayed 800 times rare earth calcium, can also use the characteristics of phosphorus adults to avoid phosphorus, in their spawning period spray 0.3% -0.5% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate or superphosphate The calcium leaching solution can reduce the amount of oviposition of the tree soil. After harvesting, it can spray 1% urea to enhance the nutrient storage of the tree, which will help the tree to safely overwinter.
10, reasonable watering, drainage. Excessive drought and flooding have a certain influence on the growth of winter jujube, and timely watering and drainage should be performed according to the actual situation in production. Especially in the rainy season, timely drainage controls pathogen infection.
Second, biological control
Biological control is an important measure to ensure that winter jujube products are pollution-free. The disease can be controlled by various agricultural antibiotics, such as bacterial disease, fruit disease can be sprayed with agricultural streptomycin 100-140μ/ml. The fungal disease can be used 600 times as antibiotic 120 antibiotics. The worms can be controlled by 1500 times of avermectins such as chlorfenac, while those of 520 can be used to control worms, such as locusts, red spiders, scale insects, jujube and cotton bollworms, which can protect natural enemies such as grasshoppers. The control can also be controlled by releasing Trichogramma during the spawning period of lepidopteran pests. At the same time, in the garden, we must pay attention to the protection of natural enemies such as ants, frogs, and some beneficial birds. In the middle of the park, we can use crops that the natural enemies prefer to inhabit to attract natural enemies.
Third, physical and mechanical control
1, killing method: in the winter jujube tree can be carried out throughout the growth period. Artificial pests such as Tianniu, Zaojiao, and Ziziphus majus can be caught artificially in the park, and eggs can be spawned in time for spawning of pests such as macular mite and cotton bollworm.
2, trapping and killing method. (1) Light trapping. In the occurrence period of cotton bollworm and other pests, a black light is placed in a jujube garden, a water basin is placed under a lamp, and a solution containing 0.3% detergent is added. (2) Yellow plate induces decoction and induces mealworms. The use of locusts and whiteflies to select yellow rectangles (30cm50cm), surrounded by square cabinets, plus a pillar on each side of the longboard, a yellow advertising paint on the top of the board, two plastic films over the board, The film is coated with engine oil or Vaseline and can be inserted into Dongzao dense planting garden. You can also hang a yellow stick of oil on the branches. (3) sweet and sour pots. A sweet and sour liquid (250 g of brown sugar, 500 g of vinegar, and 5 kg of water) was placed in a used can bottle and was hung on a tree.
Fourth, chemical prevention
Chemical control must choose to use non-polluting organisms, animal sources and specific pesticides, inorganic pesticides and mineral pesticides. If the jujube tree can be used before the germination of Baume 3-5 degrees of lime sulfur can be sprayed, the growth season can choose to use green shield high 1000 times plus a new high-fat film spray. When it is necessary to use Chemical Pesticides, it is necessary to strictly implement safe-phase pesticide application and prohibit the use of chemical pesticides one month before fruit picking. (China Plant Protection Network: Wei Linfei)
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