Autumn is the golden period for fruit farmers, and it is also the golden period for fruit tree nutrient accumulation and autumn basal fertilization. “Fertilizer is the fruit of the fruit, Qiu Shigui is like gold†outlines the extreme importance of the fall fertilizer. Fertilizer is the most important means of production to determine fruit tree productivity. However, due to the characteristics of fruit trees with storage nutrition, the same fertilizer and different application time have different effects. The Golden Rule for Fruits and Farmers metaphorically states: “Early autumn gold, late autumn silver, and deciduous plants It is rotten copper, and it is scrap iron buried in late spring. Autumn basal fertilization is so important because autumn is an important period in which the roots of fruit trees grow for the longest period, have the largest number of roots, absorb the most, and have the highest accumulation of nutrients. It has the dual significance of promoting the growth and development of fruit trees in the late stage and the early pre-phase.To maximize fertilizer utilization and productivity, we should also grasp the following application techniques.
First, based on organic fertilizer.
From an ecological point of view, in the future, "modern agriculture" that uses large amounts of chemical substances must be replaced with the "organic agriculture" model. The reason why Japan's Red Fuji apples are so big is that soil organic matter content is as high as 3% or more. Looking at the soil samples of Japanese orchards and witnessing the fertilization sites of the Beijing Sino-Japanese Friendship Orchard and the Changping Zhenshun Red Apple Garden, the author deeply realizes that the difference in the production of our apple quality is mainly in the fertility of the soil. Japan's soil is fertile and there is no shortage of water. Fertilization in orchards in the Changping District of Beijing has truly been "organically oriented." While our orchards are thin and dry, fertilization is still "fertilizer-based and manure shortage." Therefore, improving the quality of fruit, nurturing strong tree vigor, prolonging the economic life of the tree, and paying attention to grass cover and manure addition have become the fundamental way out for the current efficiency gains. The effective measures to improve soil organic matter in orchards in the near future are the long-term adherence of soil to grass and grass. The supplementary measure is to make full use of decomposed manure every year in the early fall. The emergency measure is to use the commodity organic fertilizer with amino acids and humic acids to alleviate the shortage of manure.
Second, biological fertilizer as the driving force.
Scientists said that the 21st century is the biological century, and biotechnology has been widely applied to all areas of human life. The birth of beneficial microbial fertilizers can be said to be a revolution in fertilizer technology. For a long time, due to the fact that the microbial organisms of our country survived under normal conditions for a short time (60-150 days), this bottleneck is hard to break through. Therefore, it is widely believed that fertilizer refers to organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers, and neglects the direct absorption of nutrients by plants. For a small part of the nutrients needed, most of the nutrients can only be absorbed and utilized under the action of microbial decomposition. Beneficial microbial fertilizers have four major functions.
1. Activate the soil to conserve land. For example, the active bacteria in beneficial microbial fertilizers are like the steamed yeast in our hair. After a few hours, the volume will rise several times. Therefore, the application of bio-fertilizer can loosen the soil without compaction, activate the potential nutrients in the soil, improve soil water conservation, fertilizer retention and ventilation performance, and achieve the purpose of conservation of soil fertility and improvement of fruit tree rhizosphere productivity.
2. Promote transformation and reduce investment. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in beneficial bio-fertilizers can convert free-state nitrogen in the air into effective nitrogen that can be directly absorbed by crops and fruit trees. Phosphorus bacteria can gradually decompose apatite and tricalcium phosphate and organic phosphorus compounds that are solidified by soil and release them. P2O5. The soil-enriched loess in the northwest of China is very rich in potassium, and contains about 1500 to 4500 kg per mu in a 20 cm layer. However, most of these potassium are found in the primary minerals of feldspar and mica and cannot be directly absorbed by crops. Potassium bacteria in the medium can decompose such minerals and release soluble potassium into the soil solution to be utilized by the crop. It can be seen that the rational application of biological fertilizer can reduce the amount of fertilizer and achieve the purpose of cost-saving and efficiency increase.
3, antibacterial bacteria, enhance resistance. Fruit trees have been fixed on a piece of land for growth and harvesting year after year. The phenomenon of deficiency of nutrients and soil-borne diseases (such as root rot and virus diseases) has become increasingly serious, ranging from reduced production to degraded quality. Biofertilizer contains a large amount of beneficial active strains that can speed up the release of soil nutrients, balance nutrition, and activate the release of potential shortages of nutrients. At the same time, beneficial bacteria with extremely strong life can establish a perfect ecological balance system with the root system to prevent and suppress harmful pathogens, decompose and transform harmful bacteria, viruses, and antibiotics in the soil and restore the original activity of the soil. Therefore, some people also called biological fertilizers as "anti-heavy fertilizers" or "clean root toxins."
4, environmental quality, for the benefit of mankind. The birth of beneficial microbial fertilizers has fundamentally solved the problem of fertilizer and pesticide pollution in modern agriculture. The powerful beneficial bacteria group can first repair and purify the soil, degrade the function of pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, antibiotics and salt compounds in the soil, and produce a clean and harmless environment without pollution, green and organic food. Second, powerful beneficial bacteria can also transform nutrients needed by fruit trees from the environment and soil, thus reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, saving resources and energy, protecting the environment, and benefiting humanity.
Third, the use of formula fertilizer.
Formula fertilizer is made from high-concentration matrix fertilizer (such as urea, ammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, or potassium sulfate) as a raw material, and is formulated, processed, and granulated in the production process. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of fertilizers. In 2006, China's total fertilizer output reached 48.6 million tons, and its unit area usage reached 167-180 kilograms. However, according to the estimates of the Resources College of China Agricultural University, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers in China is only 20-30%, and the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers in developed countries is 70%. In other words, at present, we invest 100 pounds of chemical fertilizers. Crops and fruit trees can only absorb 20-30 pounds, and the waste is quite serious. The basic reason is that farmers lack scientific fertilization knowledge. Formula fertilization emphasizes not only the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as the nutrients for the reasonable ratio of nutrients, but also the entire fertilization technology system including the nutrient allocation ratio, application period, application amount, and application method, which is the current rational fertilization and improvement. The advanced technology of fertilizer utilization, the implementation of the process highlights the "smart" character.
1, skillfully set the ratio of fertilizer, commonly known as "appetite." That is, according to the needs of different nutrients for different fruit varieties, the purpose of “requiring supplementation and reasonable formulation†is achieved. Professor Liu Shutang of Laiyang Agricultural College in Shandong determined the reasonable allocation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) in different fruit trees through extensive field trials: apples 1:0.6:1, grapes 1:1.41:1.25, pear 1 : 0.21: 1.02, peach 1:0.6:1.
2, it is appropriate to fertilize appropriate period, commonly known as "eat when eating." That is, it is to be applied in the early stage of the root absorption peak of the fruit tree, and the slow growth of the root system has a poor absorption effect. According to the latest research results of the absorption and utilization of nutrients at different stages of the Red Fuji apple by the researcher of Yanan of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, it was shown that from March 26 to July 30, the root system of fruit trees did not substantially absorb nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. Absorbing only a small amount of potassium, the three essential nutrients needed for the growth of new organs mainly come from the transfer of nutrients stored in different organs in the previous year; Secondly, research shows that: From April 30 to July 30, fruit trees absorb large amounts of potassium nutrients. To meet its growth and development, accounting for 63% of the total potassium absorption. From July 30 to September 21, roots absorbed 57% of total nitrogen from the soil and phosphorus accounted for 43% of total absorption. This shows that June-July is the first peak period for the absorption and utilization of the three main nutrients in the roots of Red Fuji apple, and is also the prime time for fruit trees to be top-dressed throughout the year; Third, research shows that: September 21 to January 15 Roots absorb 43% of the total nitrogen, 57% of phosphorus, and 37% of potassium from the soil. Therefore, it is the second peak period of nutrient absorption and utilization of most fruit tree roots before and after the harvest of mid-early maturing cultivars in September or late maturing varieties, and it is also the golden period of annual basal fertilization of fruit trees.
3, skillfully set fertilization method, commonly known as "feeding mouth". That is, the fertilizer should be applied to the concentrated distribution layer of the fruit tree roots. In general, 80% of the roots of pome fruit and stone fruit trees are mainly distributed in the 5-30 cm soil layer under the vertical projection of the canopy. This requires that 80% of the total fertilizer should be applied in this area. The saplings and the initial fruit trees are best applied in a ring-shaped disk, and in the fruit-bearing period, the tree can be used alternately with the whole garden.
4, the amount of fertilization, commonly known as "seven percent full." That is, referring to the application amount of organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer and the self-fertility of soil, it is more economical to apply 70% of fertilizer in autumn. For example, from the formation of 100 pounds of fruit by apples, the net absorption of pure nitrogen is 0.15 kg, pure phosphorus is 0.04 kg, pure potassium is 0.16 kg, and the local soil nutrient status. Based on the increase of 200 kg of farmyard fertilizer, 1.1 kg of pure nitrogen, 0.6 kg of pure phosphorus, 1 kg of pure potassium, equivalent to 16-10-14 of Sanqin V8 formula fertilizer 7 kg, equivalent to 2.4 kg of urea + general phosphorus 5 kg + potassium chloride or potassium sulfate 2 kg). From September to October, 70% of the annual total will be applied, and from May to June, 30% of the annual total will be applied.
5, by the sensation, commonly known as "not to eat." That is, fertilization is best when the fertilization period is better after the rain is applied or the irrigation is better after irrigation. Suitable soil moisture is not only beneficial to the decomposition of nitrogen fertilizers, but also is conducive to the diffusion of phosphate and potassium salts, and is easily absorbed by fruit trees. At the same time, moisture is also a necessary condition for the survival and rapid propagation of beneficial microorganisms, and is beneficial to the decomposition and release of soil nitrogen fixation, insoluble phosphorus, and slow-acting potassium.
Faced with the global trend of vigorously developing green and organic agriculture, and facing the new situation in which the entire nation implements the scientific concept of development, we should establish a sense of new concept fertilizer. The new concept fertilizer refers broadly to substances that can supply plant nutrition and improve plant and soil nutrient conditions. It includes not only organics and fertilizers, but also biological fertilizers. The three have specific functions in improving the quality and yield of the fruits and the ecological aspects, and have the same important and irreplaceable functions. Too bad for one, can not achieve good results, and mutual cooperation can make the orchard we rely on to become richer, fatter, better fruit, higher yield, stronger tree and more money.
First, based on organic fertilizer.
From an ecological point of view, in the future, "modern agriculture" that uses large amounts of chemical substances must be replaced with the "organic agriculture" model. The reason why Japan's Red Fuji apples are so big is that soil organic matter content is as high as 3% or more. Looking at the soil samples of Japanese orchards and witnessing the fertilization sites of the Beijing Sino-Japanese Friendship Orchard and the Changping Zhenshun Red Apple Garden, the author deeply realizes that the difference in the production of our apple quality is mainly in the fertility of the soil. Japan's soil is fertile and there is no shortage of water. Fertilization in orchards in the Changping District of Beijing has truly been "organically oriented." While our orchards are thin and dry, fertilization is still "fertilizer-based and manure shortage." Therefore, improving the quality of fruit, nurturing strong tree vigor, prolonging the economic life of the tree, and paying attention to grass cover and manure addition have become the fundamental way out for the current efficiency gains. The effective measures to improve soil organic matter in orchards in the near future are the long-term adherence of soil to grass and grass. The supplementary measure is to make full use of decomposed manure every year in the early fall. The emergency measure is to use the commodity organic fertilizer with amino acids and humic acids to alleviate the shortage of manure.
Second, biological fertilizer as the driving force.
Scientists said that the 21st century is the biological century, and biotechnology has been widely applied to all areas of human life. The birth of beneficial microbial fertilizers can be said to be a revolution in fertilizer technology. For a long time, due to the fact that the microbial organisms of our country survived under normal conditions for a short time (60-150 days), this bottleneck is hard to break through. Therefore, it is widely believed that fertilizer refers to organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers, and neglects the direct absorption of nutrients by plants. For a small part of the nutrients needed, most of the nutrients can only be absorbed and utilized under the action of microbial decomposition. Beneficial microbial fertilizers have four major functions.
1. Activate the soil to conserve land. For example, the active bacteria in beneficial microbial fertilizers are like the steamed yeast in our hair. After a few hours, the volume will rise several times. Therefore, the application of bio-fertilizer can loosen the soil without compaction, activate the potential nutrients in the soil, improve soil water conservation, fertilizer retention and ventilation performance, and achieve the purpose of conservation of soil fertility and improvement of fruit tree rhizosphere productivity.
2. Promote transformation and reduce investment. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in beneficial bio-fertilizers can convert free-state nitrogen in the air into effective nitrogen that can be directly absorbed by crops and fruit trees. Phosphorus bacteria can gradually decompose apatite and tricalcium phosphate and organic phosphorus compounds that are solidified by soil and release them. P2O5. The soil-enriched loess in the northwest of China is very rich in potassium, and contains about 1500 to 4500 kg per mu in a 20 cm layer. However, most of these potassium are found in the primary minerals of feldspar and mica and cannot be directly absorbed by crops. Potassium bacteria in the medium can decompose such minerals and release soluble potassium into the soil solution to be utilized by the crop. It can be seen that the rational application of biological fertilizer can reduce the amount of fertilizer and achieve the purpose of cost-saving and efficiency increase.
3, antibacterial bacteria, enhance resistance. Fruit trees have been fixed on a piece of land for growth and harvesting year after year. The phenomenon of deficiency of nutrients and soil-borne diseases (such as root rot and virus diseases) has become increasingly serious, ranging from reduced production to degraded quality. Biofertilizer contains a large amount of beneficial active strains that can speed up the release of soil nutrients, balance nutrition, and activate the release of potential shortages of nutrients. At the same time, beneficial bacteria with extremely strong life can establish a perfect ecological balance system with the root system to prevent and suppress harmful pathogens, decompose and transform harmful bacteria, viruses, and antibiotics in the soil and restore the original activity of the soil. Therefore, some people also called biological fertilizers as "anti-heavy fertilizers" or "clean root toxins."
4, environmental quality, for the benefit of mankind. The birth of beneficial microbial fertilizers has fundamentally solved the problem of fertilizer and pesticide pollution in modern agriculture. The powerful beneficial bacteria group can first repair and purify the soil, degrade the function of pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, antibiotics and salt compounds in the soil, and produce a clean and harmless environment without pollution, green and organic food. Second, powerful beneficial bacteria can also transform nutrients needed by fruit trees from the environment and soil, thus reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, saving resources and energy, protecting the environment, and benefiting humanity.
Third, the use of formula fertilizer.
Formula fertilizer is made from high-concentration matrix fertilizer (such as urea, ammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, or potassium sulfate) as a raw material, and is formulated, processed, and granulated in the production process. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of fertilizers. In 2006, China's total fertilizer output reached 48.6 million tons, and its unit area usage reached 167-180 kilograms. However, according to the estimates of the Resources College of China Agricultural University, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers in China is only 20-30%, and the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers in developed countries is 70%. In other words, at present, we invest 100 pounds of chemical fertilizers. Crops and fruit trees can only absorb 20-30 pounds, and the waste is quite serious. The basic reason is that farmers lack scientific fertilization knowledge. Formula fertilization emphasizes not only the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as the nutrients for the reasonable ratio of nutrients, but also the entire fertilization technology system including the nutrient allocation ratio, application period, application amount, and application method, which is the current rational fertilization and improvement. The advanced technology of fertilizer utilization, the implementation of the process highlights the "smart" character.
1, skillfully set the ratio of fertilizer, commonly known as "appetite." That is, according to the needs of different nutrients for different fruit varieties, the purpose of “requiring supplementation and reasonable formulation†is achieved. Professor Liu Shutang of Laiyang Agricultural College in Shandong determined the reasonable allocation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) in different fruit trees through extensive field trials: apples 1:0.6:1, grapes 1:1.41:1.25, pear 1 : 0.21: 1.02, peach 1:0.6:1.
2, it is appropriate to fertilize appropriate period, commonly known as "eat when eating." That is, it is to be applied in the early stage of the root absorption peak of the fruit tree, and the slow growth of the root system has a poor absorption effect. According to the latest research results of the absorption and utilization of nutrients at different stages of the Red Fuji apple by the researcher of Yanan of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, it was shown that from March 26 to July 30, the root system of fruit trees did not substantially absorb nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. Absorbing only a small amount of potassium, the three essential nutrients needed for the growth of new organs mainly come from the transfer of nutrients stored in different organs in the previous year; Secondly, research shows that: From April 30 to July 30, fruit trees absorb large amounts of potassium nutrients. To meet its growth and development, accounting for 63% of the total potassium absorption. From July 30 to September 21, roots absorbed 57% of total nitrogen from the soil and phosphorus accounted for 43% of total absorption. This shows that June-July is the first peak period for the absorption and utilization of the three main nutrients in the roots of Red Fuji apple, and is also the prime time for fruit trees to be top-dressed throughout the year; Third, research shows that: September 21 to January 15 Roots absorb 43% of the total nitrogen, 57% of phosphorus, and 37% of potassium from the soil. Therefore, it is the second peak period of nutrient absorption and utilization of most fruit tree roots before and after the harvest of mid-early maturing cultivars in September or late maturing varieties, and it is also the golden period of annual basal fertilization of fruit trees.
3, skillfully set fertilization method, commonly known as "feeding mouth". That is, the fertilizer should be applied to the concentrated distribution layer of the fruit tree roots. In general, 80% of the roots of pome fruit and stone fruit trees are mainly distributed in the 5-30 cm soil layer under the vertical projection of the canopy. This requires that 80% of the total fertilizer should be applied in this area. The saplings and the initial fruit trees are best applied in a ring-shaped disk, and in the fruit-bearing period, the tree can be used alternately with the whole garden.
4, the amount of fertilization, commonly known as "seven percent full." That is, referring to the application amount of organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer and the self-fertility of soil, it is more economical to apply 70% of fertilizer in autumn. For example, from the formation of 100 pounds of fruit by apples, the net absorption of pure nitrogen is 0.15 kg, pure phosphorus is 0.04 kg, pure potassium is 0.16 kg, and the local soil nutrient status. Based on the increase of 200 kg of farmyard fertilizer, 1.1 kg of pure nitrogen, 0.6 kg of pure phosphorus, 1 kg of pure potassium, equivalent to 16-10-14 of Sanqin V8 formula fertilizer 7 kg, equivalent to 2.4 kg of urea + general phosphorus 5 kg + potassium chloride or potassium sulfate 2 kg). From September to October, 70% of the annual total will be applied, and from May to June, 30% of the annual total will be applied.
5, by the sensation, commonly known as "not to eat." That is, fertilization is best when the fertilization period is better after the rain is applied or the irrigation is better after irrigation. Suitable soil moisture is not only beneficial to the decomposition of nitrogen fertilizers, but also is conducive to the diffusion of phosphate and potassium salts, and is easily absorbed by fruit trees. At the same time, moisture is also a necessary condition for the survival and rapid propagation of beneficial microorganisms, and is beneficial to the decomposition and release of soil nitrogen fixation, insoluble phosphorus, and slow-acting potassium.
Faced with the global trend of vigorously developing green and organic agriculture, and facing the new situation in which the entire nation implements the scientific concept of development, we should establish a sense of new concept fertilizer. The new concept fertilizer refers broadly to substances that can supply plant nutrition and improve plant and soil nutrient conditions. It includes not only organics and fertilizers, but also biological fertilizers. The three have specific functions in improving the quality and yield of the fruits and the ecological aspects, and have the same important and irreplaceable functions. Too bad for one, can not achieve good results, and mutual cooperation can make the orchard we rely on to become richer, fatter, better fruit, higher yield, stronger tree and more money.