Rapeseed seeds have a high oil content of about 35% to 40% and are generally considered to be intolerant of storage. However, if we can grasp its storage characteristics and strictly control the conditions, we can achieve the purpose of safe storage.
I. Storage characteristics of rape seeds
The storage characteristics of rape seeds mainly include the following three aspects:
(a) Strong hygroscopicity
Rapeseed seed coat is crisp, loose, with small grains and a large surface area. Rapeseed is harvested in the plum rainy season, and it is easy to absorb moisture; however, it is also prone to release moisture in the dry climate. According to the experience of Zhejiang Province, in relatively dry summer weather, the relative humidity is below 50%, and the seed moisture of rapeseed can be reduced to below 7% to 8%; and when the relative humidity is above 85%, the moisture will quickly rise to 10%. the above. Therefore, in areas with high average relative humidity throughout the year and in the wet season, special attention should be paid to preventing seed moisture absorption.
(B) poor ventilation, easy to heat
Rapeseed seeds are nearly round and dense, generally more than 60%. Because the seed coat is crunchy, the cotyledon is tender, the seed is not solid, it is easily broken in the process of threshing and drying, or the sediment and other factors are mixed during harvesting, which often increases the density of the seed pile and does not easily dissipate heat to the outside. However, the rapeseed has a strong metabolic effect and releases more calories. If the fungus is infected, the calories released by the decomposition of fat is more than double that of the starch seed. Therefore, rape seed is more prone to fever. Especially those with high moisture, mold, and high heaps of seeds. According to experience in places like Shanghai and southern Jiangsu, the temperature of the plants can be as high as 70-80°C. The fevered seeds not only lost the germination rate, but also the oil content rapidly decreased.
(3) Oily, easy to be rancid
Rapeseed seeds have higher fat content, generally 36% to 42%. During storage, the unsaturated fatty acids in the fat will be automatically oxidized to aldehydes, ketones and other substances, resulting in rancidity. Especially in the case of high temperature and high humidity, this change process proceeds faster, and as a result, the seed germination rate gradually decreases with the extension of the storage period.
The rancidity of fats and oils is mainly caused by two reasons: First, unsaturated fatty acids react with oxygen in the air to form peroxides, which are extremely unstable and quickly decompose into aldehydes and acids. Another reason is that under the action of microorganisms, fats and oils are decomposed into glycerol and fatty acids. The fatty acids are then oxidized to form keto acids. Keto acids release carbon dioxide through decarboxylation to produce ketones. In practice, the oil quality is often expressed as the acid value, which is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide consumed to neutralize all free fatty acids in 1 g of fat. The more potassium hydroxide consumed, the higher the acid value, indicating poorer oil quality.
The main pests of rapeseed seeds during storage are alfalfa, which can cause fever in seed piles and are dangerous pests of rape seeds. Acarids reproduce rapidly when seed oil is high in water, and it can only be prevented if the seed is kept dry.
Second, rape seed storage technology
(I) timely harvest and timely drying
Rapeseed harvesting is best when 70% to 80% of the pods in the pods are yellow. Too many seeds are too early, high moisture, not easy to thresh, the content is not full, it is difficult to store; too late is easy to burst fruit, scattered grains, resulting in loss. After threshing, it must be dried in time, and dried in the air before it is cooled by air-drying to prevent the internal temperature of the seed pile from being too high and the phenomenon of dry heat occurs (ie, rapeseed seeds are sweltering and cause lipolysis, increase acidity, and reduce oil yield. ).
(b) Removal of sediment impurities
Before rapeseeds are put into storage, they should be subjected to wind-selection once to remove dust, mustard impurities and germs, which can enhance the stability during storage. In addition, a test of water and germination rate was conducted to determine the status of rape seeds prior to storage.
(3) Strictly control the moisture entering the warehouse
The safe moisture standard for rape seed storage should not be mechanically regulated. It should have certain flexibility depending on local climate characteristics and storage conditions. For the general storage conditions in most regions, rape seed moisture control is within 9% to 10%, which can ensure safety, but if the local special high temperature and humidity and poor warehouse conditions, it is best to control the moisture in the 8% to 9% Within. According to the experience of Sichuan Province, the moisture content exceeds 10%. After a high temperature season, abnormal phenomena will occur and agglomeration will begin. If water content exceeds 12%, cakes will form and mildew will occur.
(D) Low temperature storage
In addition to the need to control moisture during storage, the seed temperature is also an important factor. It must be controlled strictly according to the season. Generally it should not exceed 28-30°C during the summer, and should not exceed 13-15°C in spring and autumn, and should not exceed 6-8°C in winter. If the temperature difference between the seed temperature and the storage temperature exceeds 3 to 5°C, measures should be taken to reduce the ventilation temperature.
(V) Reasonable stacking
The height of the bulk of rapeseed seeds should increase or decrease with the amount of moisture. When the moisture content is 7%-9%, the stack height can reach 1.5-2.0m; when the moisture content is 9%-10%, the stack height can only be 1-1.5m; At 10% to 12%, the stack height can only be about 1m; when the moisture content exceeds 12%, drying should be performed before entering the warehouse. Bulk seeds can smash the surface into wavy or pot bottom shape, so that the rapeseed seeds and the air contact surface increase, which is conducive to the distribution of hot and humid heap.
Rapeseed seeds should be piled into various forms of ventilation piles, such as I-shaped and well-shaped, as far as possible. When rapeseed seed moisture is below 9%, it can be piled up 10 bags, 9% to 10% can be piled 8 to 9 bags, 10% to 12% can be piled 6 to 7 bags, 12% above the height should not exceed 5 packets .
(6) Strengthen the management and inspection
Even if the rape seed enters the warehouse, even if the water is low, the impurities are few, and the warehouse conditions meet the requirements, a certain strict inspection system must be observed during the storage period. Generally, in the period from April to October, the rapeseed seeds with the moisture content between 9% and 12%, Should be checked twice a day. Moisture should be checked once a day for 9% or less. Between November and March next year, rape seeds with 9% to 12% moisture should be inspected once a day. Water content below 9% can be checked every other day.
According to the experience summarized by Zhejiang's grain department, the storage time and method of rapeseed according to the level of moisture are also different (Table 11-4).
Table 11-4 Safe Storage Standards for Rape Seeds
Rapeseed seed moisture (%) Safe storage time Bulk pile height
8～9 Suitable for long-term storage of 2～2.5m 12～13 bags
9 to 10 can be stored for 2 months 1.5 to 1.8m 10 bags
10 to 12 can be stored for 1 month 1.5m 6 to 8 bags
12 ~ 13 can be stored for 7 ~ 15 d 1 m 6 bags
13 ~ 14 can be stored 10 ~ 15d up to 80cm, often turning often bag ventilation
14 ~ 15 can be stored 7d sacks do not sew often flip the bag flip sacks do not sew often flip the bag flip
16 or more can be stored 1 ~ 2d timely treatment should be promptly handled
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