Abstract : This article summarizes the autumn and winter production and the cultivation and management techniques of export cabbage in Cixi from aspects of variety selection, seedling nursery, seedling management, planting, fertilizer and water management, main pest control, and harvesting.
Key words: cabbage; autumn and winter; cultivation techniques
Cabbage is an abbreviation for cabbage, also known as cabbage or cabbage, and is one of the major vegetable varieties produced in China. It is also an important export agricultural product. As long as a reasonable selection of varieties, cabbage production can be carried out at the anniversary. Autumn and winter are the main seasons for export processing of cabbage. The annual planting area of ​​Cixi is about 2000hm2, the yield of leaf ball can reachkg/hm2, and the output value can reach yuan/hm2. The yield and economic benefit are both high.
1 Variety selection
1.1 Crown King
Japanese varieties, introduced by Hangzhou Sanxiong Seedling Co., Ltd. Early-maturing varieties are planted until they are harvested for about 70 days. Strong growth potential, more resistant to diseases such as black rot, outer leaves half upright, thick leaves; oblate spherical, single ball weighing about 1.5kg, ball tight, resistant to storage and transportation, suitable for fresh export; Cold-resistant, crack-resistant ball, longer harvest period, producers can adjust the time of harvest and market according to market conditions.
1.2 The sun
The Japanese variety, Jiangsu Zhenjiang Ruifan Seeds Co., Ltd. was introduced. Early maturing varieties are planted until harvest 60~65d. Plants develop flat, strong growth potential, strong adaptability, cold and heat resistance. Plant development degree is 60~80cm, plant height 28cm; outer leaf number is about 15 pieces, green leaf color, middle amount of leaf wax powder, leaf veins are obvious; leaf ball is flat, knot ball is compact, leaf ball diameter is 21~22cm wide, The leaf ball height is 12~14cm, the single ball weight is 1.5~2.0kg, and the center column height is 5.5~7.5cm wide and 2.7~3.0cm. The inner leaves are light yellow, with good quality and good merchandise, which meet the export requirements of fresh-keeping processing. The output per 667m2 is about 4000kg, and the yield is good. The planting seedlings will be planted in mid-June and harvested from the early October to early November. It can make up for the gap in the processing and export of preserved cabbage in October of the year, extend the product supply cycle of processing companies and balance the market supply.
1.3 Lake Moon
Japanese varieties, Zhejiang seed company introduced. It can be harvested in the 75~80d after planting in the autumn, which is resistant to cold, disease, and high yield. The plant growth is strong and the plant type is medium; the outer leaves are slightly upright, the color is green and the inner leaves are bright yellow; the leafballs are high spheroidal, dark green, and knotted. The ball is neat, tight, and has a high net vegetable rate and is not susceptible to cracking. It weighs 1.5 to 1.8 kg per ball and produces around 4,000 kg per 667m2. The meat is crisp and refreshing, good in quality, resistant to storage and transport, and has good commercial properties. It is suitable for fresh processing and export. Favored by the international market.
1.4 Seven grasses
Japanese varieties, introduced from Shanghai Huihe Seed Industry Co., Ltd. The heat resistance and disease resistance of the varieties are general, but they are more cold-resistant than common wintering varieties. Soft rot is not easy to occur under low-temperature conditions, the growth rate is normal, the commodity is good, and the high yield and quality are good. The degree of development of the plant is about 60cm. The leaf is highly oblate and round. The center column is very short. The single ball weighs about 2kg. The outer leaves are green and the inner leaves are bright yellow. The taste is good; the storage and transportation are very slow, the fissure ball is very late, and the field maintenance period Long, can adjust the listing according to market conditions, suitable for processing exports. The planting is generally from mid-August to mid-September, and from late December to late March. The yield is about 5000kg per 667m2.
2 Sowing seedlings
The autumn and winter cabbage seedlings are in the high-temperature season from July to August each year. There are frequent thunderstorms or typhoon rains, which brings certain difficulties to the nursery. Therefore, the city's autumn and winter cabbage seedlings are mostly carried out in greenhouses or small arches covered with shade nets to ensure the normal growth of seedlings. If you can use nutrition or seedlings seedlings, seedlings will be better quality.
2.1 seedbed preparation
Seedbed should choose high-desert, easy irrigation and drainage, well-ventilated, loose and fertile soil plots, the former should be non-broad-leaf crops. The land needs to be sun dried and fully composted as a base fertilizer, and no unripe organic fertilizer should be used. After the soil preparation, the sorghum with a width of 1 to 1.3 m and a height of 20 cm is generally made to be sown.
2.2 sowing
The suitable sowing period is from late July to early September. Due to the high price of imported seeds, in order to reduce the amount of seeds used and the cost of seed, on-demand or on-demand broadcasts are often used. Nutrient crops or nutritious soil blocks can also be used to grow seedlings.
2.3 shade cover
Conditions can be covered in a nursery shed on a net and a film, only cover the top is not covered, the shade net will be covered in the top of the film to avoid the impact of heavy rain; all around the skirts are open to facilitate ventilation; but also in the Insect nets were used around the greenhouses to reduce insect pests; this allowed the seedling rate to increase by about 20% over single shade nets. If a small arch shed is used to cover the shade net, the shading net shall be tiled after sowing. After the seedlings are unearthed, they shall be arched with bamboo pieces, and a gap of 20~30 cm from the ground shall be left around to keep the area ventilated.
3 Seedling management
3.1 Post-broadcast Management
After 3 to 4 days after sowing, 60% to 70% of the seedlings were emerged, timely covering the sunshade nets and other coverings of Mianpeng Pingpu, and then setting up a small arch shed to cover the shade net.
3.2 Seedlings and Implants
Seedlings are sown by sowing. In general, three thinnings were conducted in 1 leaf 1 heart, 2~3 leaf and 4 leaf stage, and dense seedlings, weak seedlings and inferior seedlings were removed. At the last time, the seedlings were planted at a spacing of 6 to 7 cm. Or about 15 days after sowing when the seedlings up to 2 to 3 true leaves when the sub-seedling, seedbed formation and fertilizer application with the seedbed seedlings, seedlings spacing 7cm8cm. When using the nutrient pods or nutritious clods to grow seedlings, one strong seedling is reserved for each pod.
3.3 Watering and topdressing
Seedlings unearthed at the beginning of the watering amount can not be too much, the general emergence of seedlings first poured water once a day, after the next day pouring water, when the seedlings have three true leaves, seedling height 5cm, can reduce the number of watering. When the temperature is high, the watering should be selected when "Cool, Cool, Cool". After rain, when the humidity of the seedbed is too high, dry soil can be used to absorb moisture. Shading net seedlings, to avoid excessive humidity in the bed, so as not to cause seedlings grow, resulting in inverted seedlings and other undesirable phenomena.
After the second and third time, the seedlings are treated with light and light fertilizers in combination with watering, and the seedlings are then topdressed according to seedling growth conditions. Four to five days prior to colonization, spray 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution once to facilitate strong seedlings.
4 Colonization
4.1 Daejeon preparation
Colonization should be selected with good drainage and irrigation conditions, and deep sorghum cultivation should be adopted. Prior to planting, the basal fertilizer was applied in combination with ploughing and soil preparation. In general, 25 to 35 kg of ternary compound fertilizer was used per 667 ,, uniformly applied to the 15 to 20 cm tillage layer, and then the sill width (even ditch) was set at 1.7 m to open the trench. In order to save the weeding work and avoid the rooting of the cultivator, the topsoil can be sprinkled with 72% Dole EC 80 to 100mL watered 50 to 60kg after the squat.
4.2 strong seedling selection
Select cotyledons flat, basal leaves symmetrical and stretched, with 4 to 5 true leaves, short internodes, thick stems, leaves nearly round and without nicks, short petiole, and strong seedlings that are not harmed by worms.
4.3 Colonization
When planting, the seedling age should be controlled between 25 and 30 days, and should be carried out on a sunny evening or cloudy day.
4.4 Planting density
Density varies with species and cultivation management. Lake months and Seven-grass varieties are planted with 2800-3000 plants per 667 plants, ie plant spacing of 30-33cm and row spacing of 60cm. The crown king planted 2200~2400 plants per 667 plants, ie the plant spacing was 45~50cm and the row spacing was 50~55cm.
4.5 Planting methods
2d before the planting seedbed should be sprayed 1 disease prevention agent, generally use 50% carbendazim WP 800 times or 50% thiophanate-methyl 800 times. For the cultivation of nutrients or nutritious clods, the pods and soil surface must be level with the husks.
5 Water Management
According to the law of demand for fat in autumn and winter cabbage, on the basis of applying base fertilizer, top dressing is generally performed in 3 separate stages. The first time after the seedlings were planted, the new roots were applied and the seedlings were applied. The amount of urea was generally about 667?5kg, and the water was poured. The second time in the rosette period, the three-component compound fertilizer could be buried deep in the rows. , The dosage is 667? 20~25kg, after the application of sealed soil irrigation; in the ball stage, once again topdressing, every 667? pouring 10kg urea plus 10kg of potassium sulfate; generally late in the ball to stop dressing. In order to improve quality and yield, foliar spraying can be performed with 0.25% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution at the beginning of balling.
Usually after planting, the temperature is high and the rainfall is small. After each irrigation, the water in the ditch must be removed immediately to prevent the soaking time from becoming too long and roots will occur. In the later period of the ball, irrigation should be stopped to prevent the ball from cracking. Before planting or closing the enclosure, weeding and weeding should be carried out 2 or 3 times in the event of heavy rain or irrigation to prevent the growth of topsoil or weeds.
6 Major pest control
Diseases and diseases of cabbage in autumn and winter are: blight, damping-off, black rot, downy mildew, aphids, cabbage caterpillars, diamondback moth, beet armyworm, Spodoptera litura, tobacco whitefly and so on. During the growth and development process, due to the fact that the climate is less sunny and less rainy, and the humidity is low, more pests generally occur than the disease. We must focus on the prevention and control of Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, and Plutella xylostella.
Spodoptera litura control can be used to kill sex pheromone: that is, placing 1-2 pheromone traps per 667m2 in the field, trapping and killing adults, to reduce the amount of eggs laid in the field, to achieve the purpose of spraying less pesticide or not spraying pesticides. At the same time, when the amount of eggs in the field reaches the prevention and control index, chemical prevention and control are performed in time, and the pharmaceutical agents can be used: flufenoxuron, aoluyi 1, indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos • Chloronitrile, etc. Yellow tape can also be used to trap and kill the aphids. The yellow plate is hung on the cabbage line and is 20 inches higher than the cabbage plant and 20 per 667 fields. The disease mainly focuses on the control of black rot and downy mildew.
7 Harvesting
When the leaf ball reaches tight real-time, it can be harvested in stages and listed in batches in order to avoid the occurrence of leaf ball cracking, rot caused by rainwater intrusion or frostbite, and affecting the yield and quality. When harvesting, appropriate outer leaves should be kept to protect the leaf ball from damage and affect the quality of the listing. The cabbage that is used for dehydration processing can be harvested at the ripening stage. To protect the fresh leaves from export, care must be taken to protect the leaves from damage.