The bitter gourd is named Momordica charantia L. Alias ​​are known as cold melons, golden lychees, and wolfberry grapes. They are cultivars of the genus Cucurbita, and annual climbing herbs. It is native to the subtropical region; it is cultivated in South China, North China, Central China and Southwest China. The bitter gourd eats tender fruit, its flesh is crisp, moderate bitter, nutritious, and increases appetite. It is not only nutritious but also has high medicinal value. Bitter gourd bitter cold, Qingshu antipyretic, eyesight detoxification. Summer eat bitter gourd, cooling blood detoxification effect, to prevent heat stroke, laryngitis, gastroenteritis, dermatitis embolism, and thus deeply loved. Based on years of cultivation experience, the cultivation techniques are described below.
1. Breeding Seedlings The cultivation of strong seedlings is an important foundation for the high yield and quality of bitter melon cultivation. Bitter gourd seed skin thick hard shell, after direct seeding encounter low temperature and rainy weather, easy to mold and rotten species, resulting in lack of seedlings off the field ridge. Therefore, germination is generally adopted in production. Conventional germination methods often take 7-8 days to germinate. The following describes a rapid germination method.
1.1 Seed germination before soaking seeds for 4-5 hours, then soaking in warm water 54-56 °C for 10 minutes, and continue to stir, then soak in cold water 8-10 hours to remove. After the soaked seeds are dried with a dry towel, use pliers to break open the seeds by 1/3 or 1/2 to help shoots, but do not damage the seeds. The seeds are then wrapped in a wet towel and placed in an incubator. The germination takes about 36 hours at 30-32°C. If there is no incubator, the following method can be used: 20 grams of sieve ash is used per 50 grams of seeds. The ash is mixed well with boiling water. The ratio of ash to boiling water is about 1:0.7. , and then mix the bitter gourd seeds with hot coal ash and put it into pots or other containers. Straw is placed on the top of the rice and germination is carried out where the heat source is placed. After 10 hours, the seeds in the pot were changed one time up and down. When it was dry, it could be evenly sprayed with warm water at 32°C and continued to germinate. The buds could be sprouted in about 24 hours.
1.2 There are two kinds of sowing methods: seedling seedlings and seedlings. The sub-seed sowing method first arranges seedlings on the nursery site, pours bottom water, and after the water seeps, sprinkles a layer of dry fine soil and sows, sowing the seed of the bud to spread on the seedbed, avoiding the seeds to collide, and then covering the fine dry soil. 3 - 5cm, tightly covered with a film, keep the temperature at 30-35°C, and the seedlings can emerge after about 1 week. When most of the seeds are topped off, they need to be released in time. The film should be lifted during the day and covered at night. The two cotyledons can be seeded when flattened. Finish seedling seedlings, water the seedlings after planting by 10cm square, and pay attention to maintaining a certain temperature. No seedling sowing method: that is, after seeding no longer separate seedlings, first germinate the seed according to 10cm square on the seedbed planted in foot-water, and then cover the dry fine soil to form a heap, each seed a pile The mound is 3–5cm high, which is conducive to expanding the area of ​​light absorption and promoting seedling emergence. Then sprinkle a layer of soil on the whole seedlings.
1.3 seedling management after sowing is mainly heat preservation moist, promote seed germination buds, should be maintained at 30-35 °C during the day, should not be less than 13-15 °C at night, insulation moisturizing film should be deducted tightly, leaving no air outlet, strengthen moisturizing cold ability. After emergence, the temperature can be appropriately reduced to promote the robust growth of seedlings. Since bitter gourd is a heat-resistant crop, most of the seedlings in spring protected areas grow slowly, and the number of hours of light should be increased. One week before colonization, the amount of air release may be increased until all the cover is removed, and stress-restraint exercise of the seedlings is strengthened to increase the adaptability of the seedlings. For water management, under normal circumstances, seedlings can no longer be watered, mainly relying on the seedbed bottom water and soil protection methods to maintain soil moisture. If the soil is dry, it can cover wet soil. If the soil moisture is high, some fine dry soil can be covered. If the soil is too dry, the water can be sprayed properly. When the seedlings reach 4-5 leaves, they should be planted. One week before planting, they should be irrigated with water. Exercise resistance exercises to adapt to the post-planting environment.
Second, colonization in northern China in general in early May after the late frost can be planted. The bitter gourd has a well-developed root system, many lateral roots, and high vine height. It is suitable for cultivation on sandy loam soils that are loose, fertile and easy to drain and irrigate. Apply enough base fertilizer before planting, and apply 1000-1500kg of cooked organic fertilizer per acre. With soil colonization, the general spacing of 0.8m, plant spacing of 0.5m, acres of planting 1600-1800 strains, can be used to cover small sorghum planting seedlings method, or open ditch planting watering method of planting.
Third, after the planting management appropriate top dressing, to strengthen the cultivator, in order to promote growth and development, is the key measures for seedling management and early harvest and high yield after planting. In North China, in the early stage of seedling growth, if the soil is dry, symptoms of viral disease are prone to growth, plant growth is stagnant, seedlings are small, and trees are not grown. Water and fertilizer should be strengthened to promote melon vines and seal ridges as soon as possible.
1.1 Fertilizer Water Management: Immediately after planting, planting water should be poured. After planting, the water should be poured one week after the planting, and then the cultivating seedlings should be planted. After 10 days, the seedlings should be finished, and the water should be used to promote growth. The water should be poured every 6-7 days. In the flowering period, appropriate seedlings are to be planted, protected by cultivators, and the first squash should be housed, and then watered to promote growth. In full fruit period, it is advisable to pour water once every 5-7 days. Bitter gourd is not tolerant at seedling stage, and top dressing should be applied thinly. After the start of the melon, the fertilizer should be continuously provided. In combination with watering, the fertilizer should be topped every 10 to 15 days. Each mu should be treated with 10 kg of urea or 15-20 kg of compound fertilizer. The result should be increased by 2 to 3 times superphosphate, each 10-20kg, to prevent premature aging and extend the harvest period. If the topdressing is insufficient in full fruit period, the plant growth is weak, the side branches are fine, the leaves are yellowish, the melons are small, the melons are small, the yield is low, the quality is poor, and the bitterness is thickened.
1.2 scaffolding and pruning: bitter gourd vine slender, timely trussed vines, so as to avoid damage due to wind, due to bitter gourd side vines occur later, the base side vines should be removed in order to play the main advantage of the vine results. Otherwise, the side vines grow vigorously, which not only wastes the nutrients of the plants, but also leads to madness, resulting in the phenomenon of melons and premature aging. Generally the main ranch grows to 50-70cm when the whole vine begins to remove all side vines, leaving only the main vine. After the main vine is put on the shelf, if there is no female flower on the lateral vine, the side vine is removed from the base. If there is a female flower, the heart should be picked up in time. In the late growth period, old leaves, diseased leaves, yellow leaves, and small lateral branches should be removed in time for ventilation.
4. The bitter gourd harvested is eaten with tender fruit (melon) and should be harvested in time in production. Generally 12-15 days after flowering is the harvesting period, and the performance traits that can be harvested are: the fruit is full of strips or nodules, the color of the top of the fruit becomes light, the corolla is dry and the skin is shiny. The bitter gourd seed develops rapidly, and the fruit's physiological maturity is also rapid. If the harvesting is too late, the top of the melon will turn yellow or orange, the bitterness will become lighter, the meat will become softer, and the quality will be reduced; if the collection is too early, the melon strip will not be fully grown. Large, bitter, poor quality, low yield. When harvesting, it is best to use scissors to cut off the base of the squash handle to avoid tearing the plants or leaves when picking by hand.
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