In the current process of welsh onion cultivation, due to unreasonable aspects such as chemical fertilizers, pesticide application and management techniques, there have been cases where the planting area has increased but the yield and quality have decreased. The eight factors that are not conducive to the high yield of green onions and the corresponding prevention and control measures are described below for reference by the majority of onion growers.
I. Severe diseases cause serious diseases
According to the survey, the continuous cropping of scallions is generally more than 15 years. The diseases such as double plague, root rot, verticillium wilt, and purple spot disease occur in different stages of growth of green onions and directly affect the quality and yield of green onions. Control measures: (1) Green onions must be planted with onions and garlic for 3 to 4 years, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. (b) Increase the use of fully cooked organic fertilizers, focusing on the use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizers, and trace element fertilizers. (c) Deep ploughing of onion fields before winter, followed by winter irrigation.
Second, improper use of herbicides
In the onion fields, 48% trifluralin is used to close the ground for weeding. If the method is used incorrectly or the concentration is too high and the dose is too large, it will affect the normal growth of young onion seedlings, and it will also cause uneven emergence or no emergence. If 2,4-D EC is used in adjacent plots of onion fields, the liquid will drift to the onion fields and will inhibit the normal growth of the onion seedlings. In the plot of continuous cropping of wheat and onions, excessive use of 2,4-D cream or use of herbicides in the former barley field will inhibit the normal growth of young onion seedlings in the onion field. Prevention and control measures: 33% of Shitian's cream can be used for weeding, 200 ml/mu, 50 to 60 kg water, spraying on the surface and closing the ground. As far as onion herbicides are concerned, Shitian supplemented EC is safer and more reliable. When herbicides are used in wheat fields, do not use drugs in windy weather. When there is no wind, ultra-low or directional spray methods should also be adopted to avoid the liquids from floating to the onion fields. After the occurrence of phytotoxicity, remedial measures can be taken. Each 15 kilograms of water plus a raindrop on the 1st of the spring solution add 1 to the damage, spray once every 3 to 5 days, and spray 2 to 3 times. Herbicides and antidotes can also be used to relieve phytotoxicity.
Third, the phosphorus in the soil is too high, the potassium is lacking, and the basal fertilizer and the top dressing are unreasonable.
Onion fields only pay attention to the use of monoammonium phosphate, while ignoring the input of other elements, especially the heavily-paved land, can lead to excessive accumulation of phosphorus in the soil, soil compaction, suppression of green onions on potassium, iron, zinc, copper and other elements. Absorption, resulting in imbalance in the proportion of nutrients, directly affect the quality and yield of green onions. The application of basal fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer is unreasonable, which can lead to excess of nitrogen, and the proportion of large, medium and trace elements is seriously out of balance. Prevention measures: (1) After soil testing, according to the phosphorus content of soil nutrients and the laws of phosphorus and potassium required by welsh onions, determine the basic and recovery rates of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; increase the application of trace element fertilizers. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements of basal fertilizer should be proportioned according to the ratio of 1:0.17:1.1, and attention should be paid to the application of organic fertilizers. (2) Calculating the production of 5000 kg of fresh onions per acre with fertilizers, 6 kg of phosphorous elements and 13 kg of diammonium phosphate; 20 kg of potassium and 40 kg of potassium sulfate. It requires a one-time application of diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate can be part of the base application, part of the topdressing. (3) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, generally apply 3000-5000 kg of organic fertilizer per acre. Topdressing should use nitrogen or potassium fertilizer combined with compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer. Generally, the proportion of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer is 1:0.3 to 1:0.4.
Fourth, nursery time is too late, transplant time delay
In spring sowing seedlings, many farmers always sow when the temperature rises. The purpose is to make the green onion seedlings unearthed when they turn over. This saves labor, saves labor, and saves film. In fact, this obviously shortens the growth cycle of green onions. If transplanting is delayed, it will be difficult for welsh onions to achieve high yields. In the field comparison, late-growing and late-planting green onions are 30% to 50% lower than the early-growing and early-planting onion fields under the same fertilizer and water conditions. Control measures: There is a close relationship between welsh onion high yield and early nursery and early transplanting. The onion sowing time is generally from March 5 to May 20. It can also be said that as long as the surface thawing is more than 5 centimeters, it can be planted, and it should be sooner rather than later. After the onion sowing, it should cover the mulch in time, and after emergence, it must control the watering. Onion seedling height 30 ~ 40 cm, diameter 1 ~ 1.5 cm thick, that is suitable for transplanting seedlings. Generally transplanting in the early June to early July should be late as soon as possible. Before the onset of the rainy season and the high temperature, the onion seedlings should be returned to green earlier, and the roots should form a large root system earlier to lay a good foundation for the onion high yield.
Fifth, the depth of planting is too shallow and the height of soil is not enough
The farmer said "deep green onion and garlic," which means that welsh onions must be planted. The height of the lush green onions depends on the nature of the congenital species; on the other hand, it depends on the management of the fertilizer and the height of soil cultivation. It can be seen that soil cultivation also plays an important role in the high yield of welsh onions. Prevention and control measures: scallion colonization depth of 7 cm, can not be buried in the heart. Soil cultivation is an important measure to soften onion sheaths, prevent lodging, improve quality and yield. Practice has shown that the higher the soil, the longer the light blue, the lighter white tissue is also more white and full. The height of soil should be based on the height of light blue growth. After each soil cultivation, the soil should be tamped to prevent it from collapsing after rain or watering. Pay attention to soil should be carried out in the afternoon, to avoid the dew in the morning, when the humidity in the field, so as to avoid light blue, broken leaves and cause rot.
Six, spacing is not standardized, ridge arrangement is not scientific
Short onion varieties should be planted using narrow rows of shallow ditch. When the long onion-white variety is less demanding on the light blue, narrow rows of shallow trenches can also be planted; when the quality and yield requirements are high, wide rows and deep trenches are used for planting. The plant spacing should also be determined according to the species, and cannot be generalized. There are many unfavorable factors in the east-west direction of onion ravine, which will affect the high yield of green onions. Prevention and control measures: The direction of the ditch and ridge should be in the north-south direction, so that the entire onion field is evenly distributed. This will reduce the fall of green onions caused by strong north winds in autumn and winter. In particular, heavy rain and windy weather, such as digging ridges to the east-west direction will cause the entire onion fields to fall down. The spacing of the rows is based on the arrival of the treasures, five leaves and large green onions. The row spacing is 60-65 cm and the spacing between the rows is 6-7 cm.
Seven, onions are not scientific medicine, pest control is not timely
Onion diseases mainly have root rot and downy mildew; insect pests are most serious with root lice and leaf miners. If not timely and effectively prevented and eradicated, welsh onions are difficult to achieve high yields. Prevention and control measures: Prevention should be the main method, and comprehensive prevention and control should be the principle. Commonly used agents for preventing and treating diseases: 75% of chlorothalonil 600 times, 50% of dexamethasone 600 to 800 times, 50% of carbendazim WP 300 times, and 50% of thiophanate powder 500 times liquid. General pest control agents: 50% of phoxim 1000 times, 2.5% of deltamethrin 3000 times, 2.5% of kungfusin 3000 times, 48% of 2200 times of emulsion . The above agents can be used alone, or they can be mixed and used alternately to prevent spraying once every 7 to 10 days and eradicating once every 3 to 5 days.
VIII. Irrational watering time
If the water supply is sufficient, it will help to adjust the fertilizer with water and accelerate the growth of green onions. However, it is not the better the moisture content. For example, when it is hot and rainy season, excessive water in the onion fields will cause severe occurrence of root rot of green onions. Failure to master the law of water requirement and watering time of green onions at various growth stages will affect the output of Welsh onion. Prevention and control measures: Drainage and irrigation works should be done well before welsh onion planting, drainage after rain should be timely, to prevent heavy rain filling the onion ditch, silt eyes, resulting in lack of oxygen onion root system, resulting in decay, and cause other diseases. After wilting onion and returning to green, it is generally not watered (except for dry years) in late July. In the middle and early August, the weather turns cool, light blue is in the initial stage of growth, the temperature is still high, and the water requirement is not high. Watering should be reduced. If the watering should be done in the early morning, do not water at noon, so as to avoid a sudden drop in ground temperature, affecting the growth of green onion roots, this period generally need to water 2 or 3 times. After the summer heat, the average daily temperature dropped below 24°C until the frost fell. The green onions entered a period of vigorous growth. This period was a period when the weight of leaves and scallions of onion grew rapidly. The water requirement was greatly increased. The water should be poured every 4 to 5 days. , And the amount of water should be large, long onion ditch or uneven green onion field C to build earthworms, so that the amount of water per ditch and uniform. Generally green onion leaves are upright, leaf color is light green, surface wax is thin, and the tube filled with glue indicates sufficient water; if the green onions are wilting, the leaves are drooping, the dark green leaves are dark, there is shrinkage, and the wax powder is thickened Slight water shortage; if the onion leaves yellow-green leaves, dry tip, thin and drooping leaves indicate severe water shortage. After the frost fell, the temperature dropped, green onions basically grew into the light blue, the water requirement decreased, but still need to keep the soil moist, so that light blue grouting, leaves hypertrophy, full of glue, not loose, watering this time on the 2nd . Stop watering 10 days before harvest to facilitate harvesting and transportation.
Melting point 605 °C(lit.)
Boiling point 1382°C
density 2.06
vapor pressure 1.33 hPa (547 °C)
refractive index n20/D 1.381
Fp -4 °F
storage temp. 2-8°C
solubility H2O: soluble
form beads
I. Severe diseases cause serious diseases
According to the survey, the continuous cropping of scallions is generally more than 15 years. The diseases such as double plague, root rot, verticillium wilt, and purple spot disease occur in different stages of growth of green onions and directly affect the quality and yield of green onions. Control measures: (1) Green onions must be planted with onions and garlic for 3 to 4 years, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. (b) Increase the use of fully cooked organic fertilizers, focusing on the use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizers, and trace element fertilizers. (c) Deep ploughing of onion fields before winter, followed by winter irrigation.
Second, improper use of herbicides
In the onion fields, 48% trifluralin is used to close the ground for weeding. If the method is used incorrectly or the concentration is too high and the dose is too large, it will affect the normal growth of young onion seedlings, and it will also cause uneven emergence or no emergence. If 2,4-D EC is used in adjacent plots of onion fields, the liquid will drift to the onion fields and will inhibit the normal growth of the onion seedlings. In the plot of continuous cropping of wheat and onions, excessive use of 2,4-D cream or use of herbicides in the former barley field will inhibit the normal growth of young onion seedlings in the onion field. Prevention and control measures: 33% of Shitian's cream can be used for weeding, 200 ml/mu, 50 to 60 kg water, spraying on the surface and closing the ground. As far as onion herbicides are concerned, Shitian supplemented EC is safer and more reliable. When herbicides are used in wheat fields, do not use drugs in windy weather. When there is no wind, ultra-low or directional spray methods should also be adopted to avoid the liquids from floating to the onion fields. After the occurrence of phytotoxicity, remedial measures can be taken. Each 15 kilograms of water plus a raindrop on the 1st of the spring solution add 1 to the damage, spray once every 3 to 5 days, and spray 2 to 3 times. Herbicides and antidotes can also be used to relieve phytotoxicity.
Third, the phosphorus in the soil is too high, the potassium is lacking, and the basal fertilizer and the top dressing are unreasonable.
Onion fields only pay attention to the use of monoammonium phosphate, while ignoring the input of other elements, especially the heavily-paved land, can lead to excessive accumulation of phosphorus in the soil, soil compaction, suppression of green onions on potassium, iron, zinc, copper and other elements. Absorption, resulting in imbalance in the proportion of nutrients, directly affect the quality and yield of green onions. The application of basal fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer is unreasonable, which can lead to excess of nitrogen, and the proportion of large, medium and trace elements is seriously out of balance. Prevention measures: (1) After soil testing, according to the phosphorus content of soil nutrients and the laws of phosphorus and potassium required by welsh onions, determine the basic and recovery rates of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; increase the application of trace element fertilizers. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements of basal fertilizer should be proportioned according to the ratio of 1:0.17:1.1, and attention should be paid to the application of organic fertilizers. (2) Calculating the production of 5000 kg of fresh onions per acre with fertilizers, 6 kg of phosphorous elements and 13 kg of diammonium phosphate; 20 kg of potassium and 40 kg of potassium sulfate. It requires a one-time application of diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate can be part of the base application, part of the topdressing. (3) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, generally apply 3000-5000 kg of organic fertilizer per acre. Topdressing should use nitrogen or potassium fertilizer combined with compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer. Generally, the proportion of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer is 1:0.3 to 1:0.4.
Fourth, nursery time is too late, transplant time delay
In spring sowing seedlings, many farmers always sow when the temperature rises. The purpose is to make the green onion seedlings unearthed when they turn over. This saves labor, saves labor, and saves film. In fact, this obviously shortens the growth cycle of green onions. If transplanting is delayed, it will be difficult for welsh onions to achieve high yields. In the field comparison, late-growing and late-planting green onions are 30% to 50% lower than the early-growing and early-planting onion fields under the same fertilizer and water conditions. Control measures: There is a close relationship between welsh onion high yield and early nursery and early transplanting. The onion sowing time is generally from March 5 to May 20. It can also be said that as long as the surface thawing is more than 5 centimeters, it can be planted, and it should be sooner rather than later. After the onion sowing, it should cover the mulch in time, and after emergence, it must control the watering. Onion seedling height 30 ~ 40 cm, diameter 1 ~ 1.5 cm thick, that is suitable for transplanting seedlings. Generally transplanting in the early June to early July should be late as soon as possible. Before the onset of the rainy season and the high temperature, the onion seedlings should be returned to green earlier, and the roots should form a large root system earlier to lay a good foundation for the onion high yield.
Fifth, the depth of planting is too shallow and the height of soil is not enough
The farmer said "deep green onion and garlic," which means that welsh onions must be planted. The height of the lush green onions depends on the nature of the congenital species; on the other hand, it depends on the management of the fertilizer and the height of soil cultivation. It can be seen that soil cultivation also plays an important role in the high yield of welsh onions. Prevention and control measures: scallion colonization depth of 7 cm, can not be buried in the heart. Soil cultivation is an important measure to soften onion sheaths, prevent lodging, improve quality and yield. Practice has shown that the higher the soil, the longer the light blue, the lighter white tissue is also more white and full. The height of soil should be based on the height of light blue growth. After each soil cultivation, the soil should be tamped to prevent it from collapsing after rain or watering. Pay attention to soil should be carried out in the afternoon, to avoid the dew in the morning, when the humidity in the field, so as to avoid light blue, broken leaves and cause rot.
Six, spacing is not standardized, ridge arrangement is not scientific
Short onion varieties should be planted using narrow rows of shallow ditch. When the long onion-white variety is less demanding on the light blue, narrow rows of shallow trenches can also be planted; when the quality and yield requirements are high, wide rows and deep trenches are used for planting. The plant spacing should also be determined according to the species, and cannot be generalized. There are many unfavorable factors in the east-west direction of onion ravine, which will affect the high yield of green onions. Prevention and control measures: The direction of the ditch and ridge should be in the north-south direction, so that the entire onion field is evenly distributed. This will reduce the fall of green onions caused by strong north winds in autumn and winter. In particular, heavy rain and windy weather, such as digging ridges to the east-west direction will cause the entire onion fields to fall down. The spacing of the rows is based on the arrival of the treasures, five leaves and large green onions. The row spacing is 60-65 cm and the spacing between the rows is 6-7 cm.
Seven, onions are not scientific medicine, pest control is not timely
Onion diseases mainly have root rot and downy mildew; insect pests are most serious with root lice and leaf miners. If not timely and effectively prevented and eradicated, welsh onions are difficult to achieve high yields. Prevention and control measures: Prevention should be the main method, and comprehensive prevention and control should be the principle. Commonly used agents for preventing and treating diseases: 75% of chlorothalonil 600 times, 50% of dexamethasone 600 to 800 times, 50% of carbendazim WP 300 times, and 50% of thiophanate powder 500 times liquid. General pest control agents: 50% of phoxim 1000 times, 2.5% of deltamethrin 3000 times, 2.5% of kungfusin 3000 times, 48% of 2200 times of emulsion . The above agents can be used alone, or they can be mixed and used alternately to prevent spraying once every 7 to 10 days and eradicating once every 3 to 5 days.
VIII. Irrational watering time
If the water supply is sufficient, it will help to adjust the fertilizer with water and accelerate the growth of green onions. However, it is not the better the moisture content. For example, when it is hot and rainy season, excessive water in the onion fields will cause severe occurrence of root rot of green onions. Failure to master the law of water requirement and watering time of green onions at various growth stages will affect the output of Welsh onion. Prevention and control measures: Drainage and irrigation works should be done well before welsh onion planting, drainage after rain should be timely, to prevent heavy rain filling the onion ditch, silt eyes, resulting in lack of oxygen onion root system, resulting in decay, and cause other diseases. After wilting onion and returning to green, it is generally not watered (except for dry years) in late July. In the middle and early August, the weather turns cool, light blue is in the initial stage of growth, the temperature is still high, and the water requirement is not high. Watering should be reduced. If the watering should be done in the early morning, do not water at noon, so as to avoid a sudden drop in ground temperature, affecting the growth of green onion roots, this period generally need to water 2 or 3 times. After the summer heat, the average daily temperature dropped below 24°C until the frost fell. The green onions entered a period of vigorous growth. This period was a period when the weight of leaves and scallions of onion grew rapidly. The water requirement was greatly increased. The water should be poured every 4 to 5 days. , And the amount of water should be large, long onion ditch or uneven green onion field C to build earthworms, so that the amount of water per ditch and uniform. Generally green onion leaves are upright, leaf color is light green, surface wax is thin, and the tube filled with glue indicates sufficient water; if the green onions are wilting, the leaves are drooping, the dark green leaves are dark, there is shrinkage, and the wax powder is thickened Slight water shortage; if the onion leaves yellow-green leaves, dry tip, thin and drooping leaves indicate severe water shortage. After the frost fell, the temperature dropped, green onions basically grew into the light blue, the water requirement decreased, but still need to keep the soil moist, so that light blue grouting, leaves hypertrophy, full of glue, not loose, watering this time on the 2nd . Stop watering 10 days before harvest to facilitate harvesting and transportation.
Lithium Chloride CAS No.7447-41-8
Lithium Chloride Basic Information
Product Name: Lithium Chloride
CAS: 7447-41-8
MF: LiCl
MW: 42.39
EINECS: 231-212-3
Mol File: 7447-41-8.mol
Lithium Chloride Structure
Melting point 605 °C(lit.)
Boiling point 1382°C
density 2.06
vapor pressure 1.33 hPa (547 °C)
refractive index n20/D 1.381
Fp -4 °F
storage temp. 2-8°C
solubility H2O: soluble
form beads
color White to gray
Lithium Chloride Use
Also used for air conditioning, pyrotechnics, dry batteries and lithium metal, also used as a flux and desiccant.
Lithium Chloride,Lithium Chloride Formula,Lithium Chloride Uses,Lithium Chloride Price,Lithium Chloride Solution
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